According to the HONC rule, oxygen atom has a neutral formal charge , when it forms 2 bonds around it

Ethanol, , is a compound in which the formal charge on all the atoms is zero. Under certain conditions the bond can be broken so that both electrons remain with the oxygen atom. The products are In this structure the oxygen owns one electron from shared pair and two electrons from each of unshared pairs. The total number of electrons belonging to oxygen is Oxygen is a Group element. The formal charge on the oxygen atom is . The correct Lewis structure for the ethoxide ion is Note that the other fragment, the proton, leaves with a formal charge of +1.

Methanol, CH3OH, is a compound in which the formal charge on all the atoms is zero. Consider what results when a proton, H+, becomes bonded to methanol by way of one of the unshared electron pairs on the oxygen atom, i.e., This time we use the curved arrow to signify bond making. Now a pair of unshared electrons on oxygen is pushed toward the region between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen ion. It becomes an OH covalent bond. In the resulting structure the oxygen atom owns one electron from each of ____ shared pairs and two electrons from ____ unshared pair. The total number of electrons that belong to the oxygen atom is ____. Oxygen is a Group ____ element. Since the number of electrons that the oxygen atom owns in this structure is one fewer that it would have in the neutral, unbonded state, the charge on oxygen is ____. The correct Lewis structure for the conjugate acid of methanol is _________________________ Once again charge is conserved. Joining a neutral molecule and a cation must yield a cation. Again the formal charge distribution on the resulting ion is predictable from the arrow. Electrons are pushed away from the oxygen atom, leaving it with a positive charge. Electrons are pushed toward the hydrogen ion, neutralizing its erstwhile positive charg.

Which elements on the periodic table (other than H) are likely to form a+1 cation?

The carbon atom owns one electron from each of shared pairs and two electrons from unshared pair. The number of electrons that belong to carbon is . Carbon is a Group element. Since the carbon atom has one more electron than it would in the neutral, unbonded state, it has a formal charge of –1 . The Lewis structure for the methyl anion is The lithium fragment must have a formal charge of

C4H10O is the formula of diethyl ether. The same group of atoms is attached on either side of the oxygen atom. Draw the Lewis diagram. Diethyl ether was among the first anesthetics used in surgery, but it has been largely replaced by safer anesthetics today.

Unshared, or lone, electron pairs play an important role in determining the chemical and phy compounds. Thus, it is important to know which atoms carry unshared pairs. Use the structural formulas below to determine the number of unshared pairs at each Be sure your answers are consistent with the formal charges on the formulas. The number of unshared pairs at atom a is The number of unshared pairs at atom b is The number of unshared pairs at atom c is ALI H-A-H bH The number of unshared pairs at atom a is The number of unshared pairs at atom b is The number of unshared pairs at atom c is

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