a. are built from small organic compounds the same way a railroad train is built, by linking a lot of smaller units together into long chains. i. Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called (mono = ii. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as (poly = iii. A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called (macro = b. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called or During the formation of polymers, Water (H2O), is released or is by-product of the reaction. c. The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as

1. Is there more than one way to fold a protein, given the conflicting demands of the different "R" groups and the protein existing in a watery environment? 2. Explain what an R group is. 3. Compare the backbone of a polypeptide with that of a nucleic acid. 4. Proteins perform critical functions in all of our cells. Without proteins, life wouldn’t exist. Think of some specific proteins and describe what function they perform.  5. Explain the difference between secondary and tertiary protein structures.

The model below shows a chemical reaction that takes place in cells. B Which statement correctly describes the details of the reaction shown above? A A polymer is built from monomers as water is removed. U HO-1 2 3 с HO- 1 2 3 H HO D H₂O A lipid polymer is built from monomers as water is removed. A polymer is hydrolyzed into its component monomers as water is added. Adhesion is occurring between water molecules. -H

6. Proteins contain other amino acids that can compete with cysteine and react with bromoacetamide. Compare the structure of cysteine and serine below. Why can serine react similarly to cysteine? Think about periodic table trends that influence electronic factors. SH I H N H cysteine Brief explanation of why serine can react similarly to cysteine: serine OH

Simple sugars Enzyme 1. Carbohydrate Steroids 2. Lipid Guanine 3. Protein 4. Nucleic Acid Triglyceride Alpha helices > > > > > >

In a portion of polypeptide shown below, which bond is described by o rotation? NH,-- -CO- A. a В. b OC.c D. d E. Both 'a' and 'e'

At physiological pH, the 06-methylguanine:T wobble base pair predominates. Two hydrogen bonds form between the two bases. Draw the structure of this base pair. Use bond Any to draw hydrogen bonds. H;C H N- N- R -N. N-H- R H