A group of college students believes that herbal tea has remarkable restorative powers. To test their theory, they make weekly visits to a local nursing home, visiting with residents, talking with them, and serving them herbal tea. After several months, many of the residents are more cheerful and healthy.
(a) Which of the following may be correctly concluded from this study?
A. Herbal tea does improve one's emotional state, at least for the residents of nursing homes.
B. The results of the study are not convincing because the effect of herbal tea is confounded with several other factors.
C. The results of the study are not convincing because only a local nursing home was used and only for a few months.
D. There is some evidence that herbal tea may improve one's emotional state. The results would be completely convincing if a scientist had conducted the study rather than a group of college students.
(b) The lurking variable in this experiment is
A. the emotional state of the residents.
B. the fact that this is a local nursing home.
C. herbal tea.
D. visits of the college students.
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Step by stepSolved in 2 steps
- The authors of a paper describe an experiment to evaluate the effect of using a cell phone on reaction time. Subjects were asked to perform a simulated driving task while talking on a cell phone. While performing this task, occasional red and green lights flashed on the computer screen. If a green light flashed, subjects were to continue driving, but if a red light Flashed, subjects were to brake as quickly as possible. The reaction time (in msec) was recorded. The following summary statistics are based on a graph that appeared in the paper. n = 49 x = 530 S = 65 USE SALT (a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for u, the mean time to react to a red light while talking on a cell phone. (Round your answers to three decimal places.) Interpret a 95% confidence interval for μ, the mean time to react to a red light while talking on a cell phone. We are 95% confident that the mean time to react to a red light while talking on a cell phone is between these two values. There is a 95% chance…arrow_forwardShort answer. You are conducting a study on an effective therapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD). Your subjects are randomly assigned to one of three types of therapy: 20 sessions of CBT, 20 sessions of DBT, and 20 sessions of psychoanalysis. Participants are given the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines-Revised (DIB-R) before and after the 20 therapy sessions, to assess treatment efficacy. Based on the literature around BPD, you hypothesize that the DBT group will see the greatest improvement in DIB-R scores. 1) What measure of central tendency should you use to assess the dependent variable? And what is a potential confounding variable in this case? 2) What is your null hypothesis? What is your alternative hypothesis? 3) Is it directional or non-directional? and what statistical test would you use to assess your data? Please Answer Questions Completely Do Not Leave Questions Unsolvedarrow_forwardHow much customers buy is a direct result of how much time they spend in the store. A study of average shopping times in a large national houseware store gave the following information (Source: Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping by P. Underhill). Women with female companion: 8.3 min.Women with male companion: 4.5 min. Stores that sell mainly to women should figure out a way to engage the interest of men! Perhaps comfortable seats and a big TV with sports programs. Suppose such an entertainment center was installed and you now wish to challenge the claim that a woman with a male friend spends only 4.5 minutes shopping in a houseware store.arrow_forward
- J.D. Power and Associates surveys new automobile owners to learn about the quality of recently purchased vehicles. The following questions were asked in a J.D. Power Initial Quality Survey. Comment on whether each question provides categorical or quantitative data. (a) Did you purchase or lease the vehicle? O categorical O quantitative (b) What price did you pay? O categorical O quantitative (c) What is the overall attractiveness of your vehicle's exterior? (Unacceptable, Average, Outstanding, or Truly Exceptional) O categorical O quantitative (d) What is your average liters per 100 kilometers? O categorical O quantitative (e) What is your overall rating of your new vehicle? (1- to 10-point scale with 1 Unacceptable and 10 Truly Exceptional) O categorical O quantitativearrow_forwardIn a survey of families in which both parents work, one of the questions asked was, “Have you refused a job, promotion, or transfer because it would mean less time with your family?” A total of 200 men and 200 women were asked this question. “Yes” was the response given by 29% of the men and 24% of the women. Based on this survey, can we conclude that there is a difference in the proportion of men and women responding “yes” at the 0.05 level of significance?arrow_forwardExercise is known to produce positive psychological effects. Interestingly, not all exercise is equally effective. It turns out that exercising in a natural environment (e.g., jogging in the woods) produces better psychological outcomes than exercising in urban environments or in homes (Mackay & Neill, 2010). Suppose that a sports psychologist is interested in testing whether there is a difference between exercise in nature and exercise in the lab with respect to post-exercise anxiety levels. The researcher recruits n 5 7 participants who exercise in the lab and exercise on a nature trail. The data below represent the anxiety scores that were measured after each exercise session. Treat the data as if the scores are from an independent-measures study using two separate samples, each with n 5 7 participants. Compute the pooled variance, the estimated standard error for the mean difference, and the independent-measures t statistic. Using a 5 .05, is there a significant difference…arrow_forward
- ANOVA. Dr. Milgramm is conducting a patient satisfaction survey, rating how well her patients like her on a scale of 1-10. Her patients tend to fall into three categories: “Like a lot”, “like somewhat”, and “dislike a lot”. She believes that she might get different satisfaction scores from people in each group, but (because she's not great at numbers) she wants you to do an ANOVA to be sure. She has collected data from 12 patients (three equal groups) with the following results. Group 1) “Like a lot” Mean: 8 SS: 2 N: df: Group 2) “Like somewhat” Mean: 5 SS: 6 N: df: Group 3) “Dislike a lot” Mean: 2 SS: 4 N: df: Grand Mean: df Within-Group:__________ df Between-Groups:___________ Estimated Variance (S21) for Group 1: _______ Estimated Variance (S22) for Group 2: ___________ Estimated…arrow_forwardA researcher is interested in investigating the relationship between sugar consumption and weight gain for high school students. 15 volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first group contained 6 volunteers who were put on a low sugar diet. The second group consisting of the remaining 9 volunteers was put on a diet with sugar constituting approximately 15% of their diet. After 8 weeks, the change in weight was recorded for each of the volunteers. Question: What is the response variable? What study principle was used in this study and what kind of study is this?arrow_forwardThe following is based on information from The Wolf in the Southwest: The Making of an Endangered Species, by David E. Brown (University of Arizona Press). Before 1918, the proportion of female wolves in the general population of all southwestern wolves was about 50%. However, after 1918, southwestern cattle ranchers began a widespread effort to destroy wolves. In a recent sample of 37 wolves, there were only 11 females. One theory is that male wolves tend to return sooner than females to their old territories, where their predecessors were exterminated. Do these data indicate that the population proportion of female wolves is now less than 50% in the region? Use α = 0.01. (a) What is the level of significance? State the null and alternate hypotheses. O Ho: P 0.5 O Ho: P = 0.5; H₁: p 5 and nq > 5. O The Student's t, since np > 5 and ng > 5. The standard normal, since np < 5 and nq < 5. O The Student's t, since np < 5 and nq < 5. What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round…arrow_forward
- A. Headache Pain : There are many over-the-counter pain relievers. By the end of the semester, you have a tremendous headache and are looking for the most effective pain relief available. You conduct a study comparing the three most popular pain relievers and a placebo to see which work best. You use only subjects with headaches and record the amount of time (in minutes) it takes for their headache to go away after they receive the medication. You randomly assign 60 participants to one of the four conditions using a double- + blind procedure. (Use a = Placebo 70 Drug A 30 Drug B 10 Drug C 10 30 60 40 20 50 40 10 10 60 30 40 10 10 40 30 30 30 30 30 10 40 20 20 20 60 40 20 30 50 30 30 10 30 30 20 20 60 20 10 10 20 40 20 30 20 50 20 10 40 20 30 30 State the hypotheses Critical value and df Test statisticarrow_forwardA. Headache Pain : There are many over-the-counter pain relievers. By the end of the semester, you have a tremendous headache and are looking for the most effective pain relief available. You conduct a study comparing the three most popular pain relievers and a placebo to see which work best. You use only subjects with headaches and record the amount of time (in minutes) it takes for their headache to go away after they receive the medication. You randomly assign 60 participants to one of the four conditions using a double- blind procedure. (Use a = .05) Drug A Drug C 10 Placebo Drug B 10 70 30 30 60 40 20 50 40 10 10 60 30 10 10 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 10 40 20 20 20 60 40 20 30 50 30 30 10 30 30 20 20 60 20 10 10 20 40 30 20 50 20 20 10 40 20 30 30 IV (or predictor) variable DV (or criterion) variable What type of analysis should you conduct to determine which method relieves headache pain most swiftly?arrow_forward. Do patients with gastrointestinal issues experience more psychological distress than the general population? The DASS-21 questionnaire is a validated measure of depression, anxiety, and stress. For the general population, the mean for anxiety is µ = 4.2. Anxiety levels are calculated based on self-reported answers to questions on a scale from 0 through 42, with lower scores indicating lower anxiety. Participants with gastrointestinal issues (specifically inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) completed the DASS-21. Use the data presented below to determine whether having gastrointestinal issues like IBD significantly increases risk for anxiety. Test whether or not the performance of this sample is significantly higher than the normal population using the proper t-test. Here are the data: Anxiety scores: 12, 15, 10, 8, 10, 5, 10, 13, 4, 6 ANALYSES AND UNGRADED OPTIONAL GUIDING QUESTIONS: 1a. Identify the Indep.Variable:__ Dep.Variable:__ Is it the Hypothesis…arrow_forward
- MATLAB: An Introduction with ApplicationsStatisticsISBN:9781119256830Author:Amos GilatPublisher:John Wiley & Sons IncProbability and Statistics for Engineering and th...StatisticsISBN:9781305251809Author:Jay L. DevorePublisher:Cengage LearningStatistics for The Behavioral Sciences (MindTap C...StatisticsISBN:9781305504912Author:Frederick J Gravetter, Larry B. WallnauPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World (7th E...StatisticsISBN:9780134683416Author:Ron Larson, Betsy FarberPublisher:PEARSONThe Basic Practice of StatisticsStatisticsISBN:9781319042578Author:David S. Moore, William I. Notz, Michael A. FlignerPublisher:W. H. FreemanIntroduction to the Practice of StatisticsStatisticsISBN:9781319013387Author:David S. Moore, George P. McCabe, Bruce A. CraigPublisher:W. H. Freeman