Exercise is known to produce positive psychological effects. Interestingly, not all exercise is equally effective. It turns out that exercising in a natural environment (e.g., jogging in the woods) produces better psychological outcomes than exercising in urban environments or in homes (Mackay & Neill, 2010). Suppose that a sports psychologist is interested in testing whether there is a difference between exercise in nature and exercise in the lab with respect to post-exercise anxiety levels. The researcher recruits n=7 participants who exercise in the lab and exercise on a nature trail. The data below represent the anxiety scores that were measured after each exercise session.
- Treat the data as if the scores are from an independent-measures study using two separate samples, each with n=7 participants. Compute the pooled variance, the estimated standard error for the
mean difference, and the independent-measures t statistic. α=0.05, is there a significant difference between the two sets of scores? - Now assume that the data are from a repeated measures study using the same sample of n=7 participants in both treatment conditions. Compute the variance for the sample of difference scores, the estimated standard error for the mean difference, and the repeated-measures t statistic. Using α=0.05, is there a significant difference between the two sets of scores?
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Step by stepSolved in 2 steps with 2 images
- In an early study of the effects of frustration on feelings of hostility, Miller and Bugelski (1948) had a group of boys at a camp rate their attitudes toward two groups (Mexicans and Japanese). The campers then participated in a long, difficult, frustrating testing session that kept them away from their weekly movie. Finally the boys again rated their attitudes towards the minority groups. The scores below represent the number of unfavorable traits attributed to minorities and are similar to those of miller and Bugelski. Participant Before After A 5 6 B 4 4 C 3 5 D 3 4 E 2 4 F 2 3 G 1 3 H 0 2 a. Does the intervening unpleasant task alter attitudes toward the two…arrow_forwardConsider that the results of a research study conclude that the “effect of social media use on anxiety depends on gender.” Which statement below is correct based on this conclusion? a. The research study uncovered a main effect of social media use, but no main effect of gender or interaction between gender and social media use. b. The research study uncovered a main effect of gender and interaction of gender and social media use, but not main effect of social media use. c. The research study uncovered an interaction between social media use and gender, but no main effects. d. The research study uncovered no main effects of gender or social media use, as well as no interaction between gender and social media use.arrow_forwardThe authors of a paper describe an experiment to evaluate the effect of using a cell phone on reaction time. Subjects were asked to perform a simulated driving task while talking on a cell phone. While performing this task, occasional red and green lights flashed on the computer screen. If a green light flashed, subjects were to continue driving, but if a red light Flashed, subjects were to brake as quickly as possible. The reaction time (in msec) was recorded. The following summary statistics are based on a graph that appeared in the paper. n = 49 x = 530 S = 65 USE SALT (a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for u, the mean time to react to a red light while talking on a cell phone. (Round your answers to three decimal places.) Interpret a 95% confidence interval for μ, the mean time to react to a red light while talking on a cell phone. We are 95% confident that the mean time to react to a red light while talking on a cell phone is between these two values. There is a 95% chance…arrow_forward
- In an early study of the effects of frustration on feelings of hostility, Miller and Bugelski (1948) had a group of boys at a camp rate their attitudes toward two groups (Mexicans and Japanese). The campers then participated in a long, difficult, frustrating testing session that kept them away from their weekly movie. Finally the boys again rated their attitudes towards the minority groups. The scores below represent the number of unfavorable traits attributed to minorities and are similar to those of miller and Bugelski. Participant Before After A 5 6 B 4 4 C 3 5 D 3 4 E 2 4 F 2 3 G 1 3 H 0 2 a. Does the intervening unpleasant task alter attitudes toward the two…arrow_forwardResearch indicates that stress levels are lowered when petting a dog. . A mood inventory questionnaire is administered to a group of 20-29 - year olds with no do present in the room, and again a month later the same mood questionnaire is administered to the same people with a dog present in the room. Is there a significant difference in the mood scores for when the dog was present or not? Test with a = .05 for two tails. Person No Dog in Room Dog in Room A 12 14 B 8 7 C 10 13 D 9 9 E 7 13 F 10 12arrow_forwardIn an early study of the effects of frustration on feelings of hostility, Miller and Bugelski (1948) had a group of boys at a camp rate their attitudes toward two groups (Mexicans and Japanese). The campers then participated in a long, difficult, frustrating testing session that kept them away from their weekly movie. Finally the boys again rated their attitudes towards the minority groups. The scores below represent the number of unfavorable traits attributed to minorities and are similar to those of miller and Bugelski. Participant Before After A 5 6 B 4 4 C 3 5 D 3 4 E 2 4 F 2 3 G 1 3 H 0 2 a. Does the intervening unpleasant task alter attitudes toward the two…arrow_forward
- A two-factor study investigates the effects of self-esteem (low vs. high) and gender (males vs. females) on anxiety scores. The following data represents the means for each treatment condition. Low self-esteem High self-esteem Male 5 11 Female 10 3 The data shows that there is a self-esteem by gender interaction. Explain the self-esteem by gender interaction (include individual means in your explanation)arrow_forwardIn a survey of families in which both parents work, one of the questions asked was, “Have you refused a job, promotion, or transfer because it would mean less time with your family?” A total of 200 men and 200 women were asked this question. “Yes” was the response given by 29% of the men and 24% of the women. Based on this survey, can we conclude that there is a difference in the proportion of men and women responding “yes” at the 0.05 level of significance?arrow_forwardTim is interested in studying whether Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Six people who were diagnosed with OCD participated in Tim's study, where he recorded the number of times they washed their hands per day for one month. They were then given a three week intensive CBT program before their hand-washing was monitored for another month. The average number of times per day each participant washed their hands over the two months of observation are as follows: Participant Month 1 Month 2 1 11 6 2 8 5 3 14 17 4 10 10 5 22 11 6 15 10 Compute the appropriate statistic to determine whether the program was effective and use this information to fill in the blanks: Q1. revealed that the number of times per day participants washed their hands following the CBT program was Q2. compared to the number of times per day participants washed their hands before the…arrow_forward
- Exercise is known to produce positive psychological effects. Interestingly, not all exercise is equally effective. It turns out that exercising in a natural environment (e.g., jogging in the woods) produces better psychological outcomes than exercising in urban environments or in homes (Mackay & Neill, 2010). Suppose that a sports psychologist is interested in testing whether there is a difference between exercise in nature and exercise in the lab with respect to post-exercise anxiety levels. The researcher recruits n 5 7 participants who exercise in the lab and exercise on a nature trail. The data below represent the anxiety scores that were measured after each exercise session. Treat the data as if the scores are from an independent-measures study using two separate samples, each with n 5 7 participants. Compute the pooled variance, the estimated standard error for the mean difference, and the independent-measures t statistic. Using a 5 .05, is there a significant difference…arrow_forwardIn a study examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that a man's sense of humor had significant effect on how he was perceieved by woman. In the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a po tential romantic partner and then rated the attractiveness of the male on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high). The fictitious male was described positively as being single , ambitious, and having good job prospects. In one dition, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. The results showed that the description was rated significantly higher when "a sense of humor" was included. To further examine this effect, a researcher selected a sample of n = 16colle college males and asked them to read a brief description of a female and then rate the attractiveness of the woman in the description . The description had been used in previous research but was modified by adding a statement describing a good sense of humor…arrow_forwardIn an early study of the effects of frustration on feelings of hostility, Miller and Bugelski (1948) had a group of boys at a camp rate their attitudes toward two groups (Mexicans and Japanese). The campers then participated in a long, difficult, frustrating testing session that kept them away from their weekly movie. Finally the boys again rated their attitudes towards the minority groups. The scores below represent the number of unfavorable traits attributed to minorities and are similar to those of miller and Bugelski. Participant Before After A 5 6 B 4 4 C 3 5 D 3 4 E 2 4 F 2 3 G 1 3 H 0 2 a. Does the intervening unpleasant task alter attitudes toward the two…arrow_forward
- MATLAB: An Introduction with ApplicationsStatisticsISBN:9781119256830Author:Amos GilatPublisher:John Wiley & Sons IncProbability and Statistics for Engineering and th...StatisticsISBN:9781305251809Author:Jay L. DevorePublisher:Cengage LearningStatistics for The Behavioral Sciences (MindTap C...StatisticsISBN:9781305504912Author:Frederick J Gravetter, Larry B. WallnauPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World (7th E...StatisticsISBN:9780134683416Author:Ron Larson, Betsy FarberPublisher:PEARSONThe Basic Practice of StatisticsStatisticsISBN:9781319042578Author:David S. Moore, William I. Notz, Michael A. FlignerPublisher:W. H. FreemanIntroduction to the Practice of StatisticsStatisticsISBN:9781319013387Author:David S. Moore, George P. McCabe, Bruce A. CraigPublisher:W. H. Freeman