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A conditional mutation expresses its mutant
restrictive conditions, you isolate DNA from each strain and analyze it. What characteristics would you expect to see in the DNA isolated from a strain with a temperature-sensitive mutation in the gene that encodes the following proteins?
Q.Initiator protein
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- Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal genetic disorder, that results in progressive destruction of the nervous system. Tay-Sachs is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for an enzyme called hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A). Hex A CDNA from normal and a Tay-Sachs individual was sequenced using the same primer. This is the coding strand and starts in-frame at amino acid position #78. Results are shown below. Read the darkest band in each row. Normal Tay-Sachs (-) ATG C ATG C (+) a. Write each coding strand DNA sequence, normal and Tay-Sachs 5' to 3' b. Write the amino acid sequence that will be translated from each sequence, normal and Tay-Sachs C. Describe the type of mutation? Predict the effect of this mutation on the Hex A protein.arrow_forwardDNA is extracted from the blood cells of two different humans, individuals 1 and 2. In separate experiments, the DNA from each individual is cleaved by restriction endonucleases A, B, and C, and the fragments are separated by electrophoresis. A hypothetical map of a 10,000 bp (base pair) segment of a human chromosome is shown (1 kbp= 1,000 bp). Individual 2 has point mutations that eliminate restriction recognition sites B* and C*. After the 10kbp segment is digested with each restriction endonuclease A, B, and C one by one, samples are loaded onto an agarose gel for electrophoresis for analysis. I would like you to draw the result of gel electrophoresis. To answer the question, first, draw the whole gel image (on the right) on your answer sheet, then indicate where you expect to see the bands on the gel. (Hint1: Same-size bands will appear at the same position. Hint 2: On the gel bands from individuals 1 and 2 might be at different positions.) The left lane (with an M label on the…arrow_forwardSTR sites are the basis of the FBI Laboratory's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). One STR site that is used in CODIS is TPOX, named for its location within an intron of the thyroid peroxidase gene located on human chromosome 2. Different versions of the TPOX site are known, due to varying number of repeats of the short sequence "AATG". For TPOX, the number of repeats found on different chromosomes varies from 6 to 13. Hence the "alleles" of this site are called "6", "7", "8", "9", "io", "11", "12" and "13". Any given individual can be homozygous for any one of these eight different alleles or heterozygous for two different alleles of this set. The frequency of any given genotype, however, depends upon the individual frequency of each of these eight alleles in the population. For example, allele "6" occurs at a frequency of less than 5%, allele "11" at a frequency of 20% and allele 8" at a frequency of about 46%. See below for the double stranded DNA sequence of the *11" allele and a…arrow_forward
- A) List each of the five major functional classes of proteins. B) Discuss the function for each class, give an example of a protein for each class and mention how the function of the protein example fits the function of the class (40 words or less for each class with its examplearrow_forwardThe map shows a wild-type HOAP gene, whereas Mutant 1 has a DNA deletion from base pair 1125 to 1445 and Mutant 2 contains a point mutation at 1372. Predict the sizes of DNA fragments that would be generated in each of the following digests. Wild-type (BamHI): Wild-type (EcoRI): Wild-type (BamHI + EcoRI): Mutant 1 (BamHI): Mutant 1 (EcoRI): Mutant 1 (BamHI + EcoRI): Mutant 2 (BamHI): Mutant 2 (EcoRI): Mutant 2 (BamHI + EcoRI): BamHI O EcoRI 740 Promoter ECORI 1140 HOAP HOAP HP1/ORC Associated Protein 7200 bp Sacl 2100 BamHI 2420 Psti 2700 Hindlll 3440arrow_forwardLook at Figure 17-22 and state which bands are missing in the cri du chat deletion.arrow_forward
- Several DNA coding for different proteins, CRISPR, or siRNAs against different genes were expressed in cultured normal human somatic cells (A–G; “-” = control: no expression of exogenous gene/siRNA). The cells were either untreated (-) or irradiated to induce DNA damage (+). After 24 hours, the cells were harvested for preparing cell-free extracts. Different proteins were then detected using SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting. These include p53, the phosphorylated form of pRb as well as total pRb, the phosphorylated form of lamin B as well as total lamin B, and caspase 3 (note that the darkness of the bands roughly corresponds to the intensity of the bands in the Western blot). Fig.1. The cells were also analysed using flow cytometry. The x-axis is DNA contents (2N represents the position of DNA as in G1 phase; 4N represents the position of DNA as in G2/M phase); the y-axis is the accumulated cell number. Fig.2. (1) The first four samples are known (the rest, see below, are all…arrow_forwardDNA polymerases are capable of editing and error correction, meaning it is able to edit and correct single base error so that the gene is not affected. However, RNA polymerase has a limited capacity for error correction. Given that a single base error in either replication or transcription can lead to error in protein synthesis, suggest a brief explanation for this difference in the capability of error correction between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.arrow_forwardSuppose a researcher previously cloned gene Y into M13 bacteriophage vector. Gene Y encodes a product called peptide Y. A region of gene Y contains the DNA sequence ATG-CGC-GAA-CTG-GTG-AAC-TAA. The researcher wishes to change a Val residue to an Ala residue in this region of peptide Y using site-directed mutagenesis. What should be the sequence of the mutant oligonucleotide primer in this region? You may use a codon table. mutant oligonucleotide primer sequence: GGC-GGC-GAA-CTG-GTG-AAC-TAA Incorrectarrow_forward
- You have used the technique of chromatin immunoprecipitation to isolate DNA fragments containing a DNA-binding protein of interest. Suppose that you wish to know whether a particular known DNA fragment is present in the isolated mixture. How might you detect its presence?arrow_forwardYou plan to synthesize a peptide to be used as a vaccine to treat melanoma, a particularly aggressive form of skin cancer. Normally, gp100, a protein on the surface of melanocytes, activates cell growth when it is bound by its ligand. Activation of the growth pathway depends on the presence of threonine in the ligand. The effective peptide vaccine will mimic the natural ligand, but won’t cause cell growth and division. Below is the sequence of the natural ligand: LDMKTAG In order to ensure your newly designed peptide vaccine does not cause cell growth upon binding, you must substitute the Threonine residue at position 5. What amino acid would you replace it with, bearing in mind that the peptide should still be similar enough to bind to the gp100 protein in the surface of melanocytes. Explain your choice. Your vaccine will be administered as a topical cream, and you require your peptide to have an overall neutral charge in order to be functional. At what pH should you formulate…arrow_forwardIn the experiment summarized below, scientists were examining the presence of specific sequences in individuals with age. In this experiment they extracted DNA from lymphocytes of various aged individuals and measured the length of a TTAGGG (in kb) repeat they found in their genomic DNA (Left Panel). In the right panel, the scientists measured the length of the same repeats in individuals with lymphocyte failure (red dots most severely effected) that have a mutation in a critical enzyme. Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each. A. What is the name of the specific sequence the scientists are measuring in the experiment shown below. B. For the individuals with lymphocyte pathology in the right panel, which gene is likely defective that causes the data shown? C. Explain why the length of the repeat sequence decreases with age.arrow_forward
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