8. Changes in taxes The following graph plots an aggregate demand curve. Using the graph, shift the aggregate demand curve to depict the impact that a tax hike has on the economy. PRICE LEVEL 130 120 110 100 8 90 80 70 0 10 20 30 OUTPUT Aggregate Demand 40 50 60 Aggregate Demand ? Suppose the governments of two very similar economies, economy Y and economy Z, implement a permanent tax cut of equal size. Investment spending in economy Y is more sensitive to changes in the interest rate than investment spending in economy Z. The economies are otherwise completely identical. The tax cut will have a larger impact on aggregate demand in the economy with the

17 The graph below depicts an economy where a decline in aggregate demand has caused a recession. Assume the government decides to conduct fiscal policy by increasing government purchases to reduce the burden of this recession. Price Level 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 (40, 100) Fiscal Policy LRAS प्रै ======= AD₁ billion AS 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800 Real GDP (billions of dollars) $| Suppose instead that the MPC is 0.5. AD Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number. a. How much does aggregate demand need to change to restore the economy to its long-run equilibrium? $ billion b. If the MPC is 0.6, how much does government purchases need to change to shift aggregate demand by the amount you found in part a? c. How much does aggregate demand and government purchases need to change to restore the economy to its long-run equilibrium? Aggregate demand needs to change by $ billion and government purchases need to change by $ billion.

What is the effect of an increase in taxes when the economy is above full​ employment? What is the magnitude of the tax​ multiplier? An increase in taxes when the economy is above full employment​ _______ aggregate demand and real​ GDP, and the price level​ _______.     A. ​increases; falls   B. ​increases; rises   C. does not​ change; does not change   D. ​decreases; falls The magnitude of the tax multiplier is equal to​ _______.     A. MPC times the government expenditure multiplier   B. the government expenditure multiplier divided by MPC   C. MPC   D. the government expenditure multiplier

6. Changes in taxes The following graph shows the aggregate demand curve. Shift the aggregate demand curve on the graph to show the impact of a tax cut. PRICE LEVEL 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 0 10 20 30 OUTPUT Aggregate Demand 40 50 60 Aggregate Demand (2) Suppose the governments of two different economies, economy A and economy B, Implement a permanent tax cut of the same size. The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in economy A is 0.7 and the MPC in economy B is 0.85. The economies are identical in all other respects. The tax cut will have a smaller impact on aggregate demand in the economy with the

Suppose a tax is such that an individual with an income of $10,000 pays $2,500 of tax, a person with an income of $20,000 pays $5,000 of tax, a person with an income of $30,000 pays $7,500 of tax, and so forth. Instructions: Enter your answers rounded to 1 decimal place. a. What is each person's average tax rate? Income Таx Paid Average Tax Rate $ 10,000 $ 2,500 % 20,000 5,000 30,000 7,500

2. Fiscal policy Suppose a hypothetical economy is currently in a situation of deficient aggregate demand of $64 billion. Four economists agree that expansionary fiscal policy can increase total spending and move the economy out of recession, but they are debating which type of expansionary policy should be used. Economist A believes that the government spending multiplier is 8 and the tax multiplier is 4. Economist B believes that the government spending multiplier is 4 and the tax multiplier is 2. Compute the amount the government would have to increase spending to close the output gap according to each economist's belief. Then, for each scenario, compute the size of the tax cut that would achieve this same effect. Policy Options for Closing Output Gap Increase in Spending Tax Cut (Billions of dollars) Spending Multiplier (Billions of dollars) Tax Multiplier 4 Economist A 8 Economist B 4 2 Economist C favors increases in government spending over tax cuts. This means that Economist C…

- Most economists have reached the following conclusion about supply-side economics.   Supply-side tax cuts are likely to reduce income inequality.   Supply-side tax cuts are almost certain to lead to smaller budget deficits.   Supply-side tax cuts are likely to widen income inequality.   None of these.