28. Sucrose in human nutrition is hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components by sucrase. Glucose can enter directly in cellular respiration while fructose is predominantly metabolized in the liver as illustrated in the figure below. Suppose 180 molecules of sucrose are to be catabolized, what is the net ATP production during glycolysis considering both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation of NADH shuttled by malate and aspartate to the mitochondrion? [Hint: Sum of net ATP yield in substrate-level phosphorylation and ATP from glycolytic NADH] Fructose Glucose Glycogen ATP- ATP- ADP ADP+ hexokinase glucokinase Glucose-6-P→→→ Glucose-1-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP fructokinase rapid Fructose-1-P Rate aldolase B limiting Dihydroxyacetone-P Glyceraldehyde ATP- triose kinase ADP Glyceraldehyde-3-P Liver Also intestinal cells and kidney cortex PFK-1 Dihydroxy- acetone-P Lactate F1,6bisphosphatase Glyceraldehyde-3-P Pyruvate TCA cycle aldolase B (liver) aldolase A (muscle) ►Fatty acids
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
![28. Sucrose in human nutrition is hydrolyzed into its
monosaccharide components by sucrase. Glucose can enter
directly in cellular respiration while fructose is predominantly
metabolized in the liver as illustrated in the figure below. Suppose
180 molecules of sucrose are to be catabolized, what is the net ATP
production during glycolysis considering both substrate-level
phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation of NADH shuttled
by malate and aspartate to the mitochondrion? [Hint: Sum of net
ATP yield in substrate-level phosphorylation and ATP from
glycolytic NADH]
Fructose
Glucose
Glycogen
ATP-
ATP-
ADP4
ADP+
hexokinase
glucokinase
Glucose-6-P→→→→→ Glucose-1-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-BP
fructokinase
rapid
Fructose-1-P
Rate aldolase B
limiting Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde
ATP-
triose kinase
ADP
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
Liver
Also intestinal cells
and kidney cortex
O a. 810 ATP
O b. 1260 ATP
O c. 1800 ATP
d. 2520 ATP
PFK-1
Dihydroxy-
acetone-P
Lactate
F1,6bisphosphatase
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
Pyruvate
TCA cycle
aldolase B (liver)
aldolase A (muscle)
►Fatty acids](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6b04a683-cf80-4150-ae11-2f41db0c7e95%2Fe94f6d44-f02d-442e-ba9b-26ef61cac859%2Fyxvztd_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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