5. Patients suffering from Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) can carry a mutation in one ofseveral genes. Two of these genes are ApoB and PCSK9.a. Diagram the normal cholesterol sensing pathway for a healthy person. This should befocused on the molecules that handle cholesterol and that regulate cholesterolproduction, NOT on patient symptoms.b. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in Apoß disrupts cholesterol sensing. Thenwrite a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted inpatients with an ApoB mutation.c. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in PCSK9 disrupts cholesterol sensing. Thenwrite a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted inpatients with PCSK9 mutation. 4. Alcohol consumption impacts metabolic pathways in multiple ways. A study was performed tosee how alcohol impacted exercise metabolism. Participants were tested before ingesting abeverage, after ingesting a beverage (orange juice alone or orange juice containing vodka-enough to give a blood alcohol content of approximately 0.04%), when exercising at amoderate rate (S4mM) and when exercising at a higher than moderate rate ( 15% aboveS4mM). Blood lactic acid and triglyceride levels were measured for both groups and the resultsare shown below. Not shown are blood glucose levels, which were about the same for bothgroups. Using your knowledge of metabolism (and especially the case study about alcoholism)explain the effects of alcohol on metabolism that might lead to these results. Note that theparticipants in this study were not alcoholics and that only one alcoholic beverage wasconsumed.Blood lactate concentration (mM) >aNon-alcoholAlcoholBefore drink Beforeconsumption exerciseS4mM15% aboveS4mMANon-alcoholBefore drinkBeforeconsumption exerciseS4M15% aboveS4MM

A common disorder which has been extensively investigated. The disease is characterised by: Hyper…

Answered: 5. Patients suffering from Familial…

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12RQ: Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway...

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1. A mutation was introduced to the active site of the enzyme in a receptor tyrosine kinase so that it remains active in the absence of a substrate. What is the effect of this mutation on the signal transductionpathway?A. The phosphatase activity of the enzyme will be activated which will lead to receptor dimerization and subsequent cellular response.B. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor and dimerization will occur but the subsequent cellular response will be inhibited.C. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor but dimerization and subsequent cellular response will be inhibited.D. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor which will then triggers receptor dimerization and downstream cellular response. 2. Which of the following is not an advantage of non-coding regions of DNA?A. Some of these regions contain inactivated genes that can be reactivated upon insertion of regulatory sequences by mobile DNA elements.B. Some of these regions protect eukaryotic DNA from…
6. Define a receptor tyrosine kinase and distinguish it from a serine/threonine kinase. (As we discuss ANY kinase in signalling pathways, pay close attention to what type of kinase it is...does it phosphorylate serene/threonine resides or tyrosine residues?)
3. When adrenaline binds to adrenergic receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle cells, it activates the beta2 adrenergic signalling pathway. Indicate how glycogen levels would be affected in the presence of adrenaline in the following skeletal muscle cells, which have defects in intracellular signalling components of the beta2 adrenergic pathway. Would they be higher or lower than in normal cells treated with adrenaline, and why? (a) cells that lack adenylyl cyclase (b) cells that lack the GPCR (c) cells that lack CAMP phosphodiesterase (d) cells that have an a subunit that cannot hydrolyse GTP but can interact properly with the B and y subunits
3. The /C50 value for a drug called razundib for a Src kinase is 15 nM. The Src kinase is known to bind ATP with a dissociation constant (KD) of 0.05 mM. If the concentration of ATP in the cell is 0.75 mM, what is the value of K, for rasundib with respect to the Src kinase?
7. Fill in the table below, outlining different aspects of glutamate singlaing in the mammalian brain. A legend of possible entries is provided below the table, specifically for the columns "marker genes", “associated G proteins" and "ionotropic targets" Marker gene Ionotropic receptors Possible associated G proteins Gs Gą G₁/Go Possible marker genes: Choline acetyltransferase Solute carrier family 17 Glutamate decarboxylase Dopamine ß hydroxylase Possible ionotropic targets: Cayl channels Cav2 channels GIRK channels M-type K¹ channels BK channels SK channels Metabotropic Associated receptors G protein mGluR 1,5 mGluR 2-4,6-7- Pre- or post- Ionotropic Neuronal effects synaptic action? target(s) Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 Tyrosine hydroxylase Histidine decarboxylase
13. Which of these statements concerning the symport of glucose into cells is true? Understand a. The sodium-potassium exchange pump moves Nat into cells. b. The concentration of Nat outside cells is less than inside cells. c. A carrier protein moves Nat into cells and glucose out of cells. d. The concentration of glucose can be greater inside cells than outside cells. e. As Na are actively transported into the cell, glucose is carried along. This
14) Which of the following correctly ranks the steps in the secretory pathway? 1. Active PKA subunits phosphorylate targets in the cell, regulating function. 2. The catalytic subunits of PKA dissociate. 3. Gprotein a subunit exchanges bound GDP for GTP. 4. CAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA, activating it. 5. Ga subunit dissociates from complex and activates adenylate cyclase. 6. Ligand (hormone) binds to receptor. 7. Activated adenylate cyclase produces CAMP from ATP.
1. Based on the following description, draw the cell signaling pathway described (you only need to draw the pathway in one cell, but show the type of signaling described – you may need 2 diagrams). Compound X is released from cells in the pancreas and activates cells in the liver. What general type of cell signaling is this? When compound X binds its receptor on a liver cell, some of the amino acids (Y – one letter amino acid code) on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor are phosphorylated. Label what type of receptor this is. This leads to the receptor activating a cytoplasmic protein F which then activates a kinase K which then activates protein Z (diagram what is happening here – how is protein Z activated). Protein Z activation results in several genes being expressed. Label all your parts (don’t forget to label the ligand). Circle the signal transduction pathway and put a box around the cell response.
Please refer to the model, the answer may be brief.. thank you so much for answering both... i appreciate it1. Explain the mechanism of action of the adenyl cyclic system using a schematic diagram. 2. Cite a metabolic pathway where active protein kinase is needed and explain its mechanism of action
7. The following happens when a G-protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein? A. The B subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. B. The GDP bound to the a subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP. C. The a subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. D. It activates the a subunit and inactivates the By complex. 8. Which of the following statements is true? A. MAP kinase is important for phosphorylating MAP kinase kinase. B. PI 3-kinase phosphorylates a lipid in the plasma membrane C. Ras becomes activated when an RTK phosphorylates its bound GDP to create GTP D. STAT proteins phosphorylate JAK proteins, which then enter the nucleus and activate gene transcription 9. A cell can crawl through a tissue because of the proteins that can transmembrane bind to fibronectin outside of the cell. A. Integrin B. Collagen C. Gap junction D. Claudin 10. Which of the following genetic changes cannot convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene A. A mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately…
5. Explain the signaling steps that take place after the EGF receptor is dimerized, up to the poiunt when Ras gets activated. Draw a schematic to make it easier for your classmates to understand.6. Explain why the RTK signaling pathway includes the extra complication of having a protein (Ras) that switches between GTP- and GDP-bound states. PLEASE ANDWER BOTH
2. Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) metabolizes many immunosuppressants such as azathioprine. Genetic polymorphism changes the activity of this enzyme and thus the metabolic rate of transforming of drugs their corresponding metabolites. Define what the genetic polymorphism is. а. If a genetic variation leads to a reduction of TPMT activity, explain what outcomes will be expected to azathioprine. b.

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