7. Fill in the table below, outlining different aspects of glutamate singlaing in the mammalian brain. A legend of possible entries is provided below the table, specifically for the columns "marker genes", "associated G proteins" and "ionotropic targets" Marker gene Possible associated G proteins Gs Gą G₁/Go Possible marker genes: - Ionotropic receptors - Possible ionotropic targets: - - Choline acetyltransferase Solute carrier family 17 Glutamate decarboxylase Dopamine ß hydroxylase Cayl channels Cav2 channels GIRK channels M-type K¹ channels BK channels SK channels Metabotropic Associated receptors G protein mGluR 1,5 mGluR 2-4,6-7- Pre- or post- Ionotropic Neuronal effects synaptic action? target(s) - Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 Tyrosine hydroxylase Histidine decarboxylase

1A. If Creb upregulates gene T with acetylcholine stimulation, what happens to T when cAMP phosphodiesterase is always active compared to normal? 1B. If Creb normally upregulates expression of gene Y with adrenaline stimulation, what happens to gene Y if PKA has a nonfunctional NLS compared to normal signaling?    Choices are: A. Stays the same B. Decreased expression C. Increased expression

Small molecules are used as inhibitors of protein action - as drugs. They most often do this by blocking the active site within the protein. Potential drugs can be screened computationally to determine if they are strongly bound to the protein. Figure 1 shows a possible conformation of a candidate drug molecule, 4-bromo-2- carboxymethylamide-pyrrole (abbreviation: BCMAP) at the active site of a protein (abbreviation: PR). Figure 2 shows the full protein structure whilst figure 3 shows a known inhibitor of the protein at the site, overlayed with another calculated conformer of BCMAP. (a) Explain what types of interactions, both intermolecular and intramolecular, that a molecular mechanics forcefield must be able to describe in order to be able to accurately determine the geometry of BCMAP in the protein. Identify which interactions will be the most important to describe accurately. Figure 1.4-bromo-2-carboxymethylamide-pyrrole (BCMAP) (C, N, O, and Br atoms in yellow, blue, red, and…

From experiments in which cells expressing normal myosin II heavy chain were altered to either lack (mhckA-) or overexpress (MHCKA ++) a myosin heavy chain kinase (MHCKA). For answering this question recall the earlier the variants on the myosin II heavy chain, in which three key threonines, normally subject to reversible phosphorylation, were altered in various ways: 3X Ser = Serines in place of Threonines 3X Ala = Alanines in place of Threonines 3X Asp = Aspartate in place of Threonines MHCKA is present at normal levels. Which of the two mutants (mhcp- or MHCP++) would be most likely to have a defect in cytokinesis?