41) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that A) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change. B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. D) the pathogen has only one epitope. E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous.   42) In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as A) an allergy. B) an immunodeficiency. C) an autoimmune disease. D) an antigenic variation. E) a cancer.

Which is true of the innate immune response?   a)  Mucus can contain lysozyme and ampicillin   b)  Fe poisons potential pathogens   c)  Skin is dry and alkaline   d)  Fe limitation has a bacteriostatic effect

Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells?   Question 6 options:   A)  cytotoxic T cells   B)  B cells   C)  T helper cells   D)  dendritic cells

Certain types of pathogens are unable to infect humans due to ________. A)  a reduction in human T cell populations B)  clonal selection C)  incompatible epitopes D)  species resistance E)  their lack of antigens F)  NONE of these terms accurately completes this sentence

10. Te cells are distinguished from the other cell types by producing A). T cell receptors (TCR). B). CD8. C). CD3. D). IFN. E). TLR. 11. Why does it takes nearly two weeks to develop meaningful adaptive immune responses to fight off a new pathogen? A). It took that amount of time to modify DNAs for the receptors recognizing the pathogen. B). It took that amount of time for the innate immunity to complete its role. C). It took that amount of time to select the cells recognizing new pathogens. D). All of the above. E). None of the above. 12. Which attracts white blood cells to the damaged tissue? A). Antibodies B). Chemokines C). IFNs D). IL-4

1. During an HIV infection, a doctor would expect which of these cytokines to be most elevated? A) TGF-B B) IL-8 C) IFNY D) IL-1

Choose the most accurate characteristic of B cells.     A) They help establish and control the sensitivity of the immune response.     B) They stimulate the activities of T cells.     C) They attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissues.     D) They continually monitor peripheral tissues.     E) They differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

1) SDS PAGE gels can be probed with NBT/BCIP to perform an immunoblot true/ false 2) the direction of migration of protiens through a matrix is due to most proteins in natur having a net negative charge  true/false 3)  PBST  is a buffer that is used for blocking the membrane during immunoblotting. true/false 4) the buffer used during for transferring proteins to nitrocellulose methanol. true/false 7) The size of the pores of a polyacrylamide gel dcreases as concentrations of polyacrylamide increases. True or false 10) The secondary antibody used in laboratory for western blotting is conjugated to which enzyme  A) Alkaline decarboxylase B) GAPDH C) Alkaline Phosphatase D) Horseeradish peroxide 13) In protien electrophroresis, what reagent present in the sample buffer is used to eliminate difference in the charge densities of protein A) SDS B) 2- mercaptoethanol C) Tris-HCL pH6.8 D) Tris- HCL PH 8.8

The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. Which statement describes the importance of this system in early pathogen defense? A.) It does not have to be activated by antibodies. B.) It rapidly lower the blood pH. C.) It recognizes specific common pathogens. D.) It causes immediate pathogen lysis.

13) Which of the following best describes the mechanism of an antiplatelet medication? A) Inhibition of platelet aggregation B) Blocking of sodium channels C) Inhibition of the inflammatory response D) Inhibition of factor X conversion