10. Te cells are distinguished from the other cell types by producing A). T cell receptors (TCR). B). CD8. C). CD3. D). IFN. E). TLR. 11. Why does it takes nearly two weeks to develop meaningful adaptive immune responses to fight off a new pathogen? A). It took that amount of time to modify DNAs for the receptors recognizing the pathogen. B). It took that amount of time for the innate immunity to complete its role. C). It took that amount of time to select the cells recognizing new pathogens. D). All of the above. E). None of the above. 12. Which attracts white blood cells to the damaged tissue? A). Antibodies B). Chemokines C). IFNs D). IL-4

Which part of the immune system does not target specific new variants of the COVID 19 invaders? A) antibodies B) specific defense C) antigens D) innate response

This term describes an antigen that is too small to be immunogenic, however it binds to proteins in the body to increase its size, allowing it to then be able to trigger an immune reaction: O 1) hapten O 2) alloantigen 3) superantigen O 4) epitope

The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. Which statement describes the importance of this system in early pathogen defense? A.) It does not have to be activated by antibodies. B.) It rapidly lower the blood pH. C.) It recognizes specific common pathogens. D.) It causes immediate pathogen lysis.

Innate Defense Briefly describe the role of each in our innate defense system.. skin inflammation Турe here... Type here... mucous membranes fever Type here... Турe here... phagocytes natural killer cells Type here... Type here...

Clonal Selection Hypothesis is the most accepted theory for how immune cells respond to specific antigens.   Explain the clonal selection hypothesis. Use the autoimmune response, and immunological memory to suggest why the hypothesis may be correct….or not?

4. The variable region can be found in Fab B). Fc C). CL D). TLR E). A, B and C 5. Which event primarily takes place in the thymus? A). Production of thyroid hormone B). Clonal expansion C). Antigen activation of lymphocytes D). Development of memory cells E). None of the above.

Which of the following describes the self-tolerance of adaptive immunity?   A)  a given immune response acts against a specific antigen possessed by a pathogen B)  both cells and antibodies are involved in immune responses C)  immune responses against previously encountered pathogens are faster and more potent D)  immune responses against the body's own molecules do not normally occur E)  pathogens stimulate cells involved in adaptive immunity

7. Which of these cells can activate both B & T lymphocytes? a) Helper T cells b) Plasma cells c) Cytotoxic T cells d) Neutrophils e) Mast cells 8. Which of the following happens when a B cell is activated? a) Inflammation b) The activated B cell differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells c) The B cell will suppress the immune response d) It acts as a phagocyte to engulf antigens e) The activated B cell will release haptens 9. How are T lymphocytes activated? a) Release of histamine during the inflammatory process triggers their activation b) By interferon and antibodies Contact with exposed collagen activates helper T cells d) Through direct contact with a foreign antigen e) Activation of any component of the nonspecific immune response will activate T cells 10. The variable region of an antibody c) ngang naging a) Binds to a specific epitope on an antigen. b) Can bind to several different antigens on the same bacterial cell. c) Binds to the first complement protein (C1). d) Is…