4.46. Mammalian cells can be cultured for a variety of purposes, including synthesis of vaccines. They must be maintained in growth media containing all of the components required for proper cellular function to ensure their survival and propagation. Traditionally, growth media were prepared by blending a powder, such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with sterile deionized water. DMEM contains glucose, buffering agents, proteins, and amino acids. Using a sterile (i.e., bacterial-, fungal-, Adapted from a problem contributed by Adam Melvin of Louisiana State University. Problems 191 and yeast-free) growth medium ensures proper cell growth, but sometimes the water (or powder) can become contaminated, requiring the addition of antibiotics to eliminate undesired contaminants. The culture medium is supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) that contains additional growth factors required by the cells. Suppose an aqueous stream (SG = 0.90) contaminated with bacteria is split, with 75% being fed to a mixing unit to dissolve a powdered mixture of DMEM contaminated with the same bacteria found in the water. The ratio of impure feed water to powder entering the mixer is 4.4:1. The stream leaving the mixer (containing DMEM, water, and bacteria) is combined with the remaining 25% of the aqueous stream and fed to a filtration unit to remove all of the bacteria that have contaminated the system, a total of 20.0 kg. Once the bacteria have been removed, the sterile medium is combined with FBS and the antibiotic cocktail PSG (Penicillin-Streptomycin-L-Glutamine) in a shaking unit to generate 5000 L of growth medium (SG = 1.2). The final composition of the growth medium is 66.0 wt% H₂O, 11.0% FBS, 8.0% PSG, and the balance DMEM. (a) Draw and label the process flowchart. (b) Do a degree-of-freedom analysis around each piece of equipment (mixer, filter, and shaker), the splitter, the mixing point, and the overall system. Based on the analysis, identify which system or piece of equipment should be the starting point for further calculations. (e) Calculate all of the unknown process variables. (d) Determine a value for (i) the mass ratio of sterile growth medium product to feed water and (ii) the mass ratio of bacteria in the water to bacteria in the powder. (e) Suggest two reasons why the bacteria should be removed from the system.

Can you reword this for me to have a better understanding: Plastic items like bottles and bags are made from polyethylene. Ethylene Oxide / Ethylene Glycol – becomes polyester for textile, and antifreeze for airplane engines and wings. Ethylene Dichloride – this, in turn, becomes a vinyl product used in PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes, siding, medical devices, and clothing. Styrene – synthetic rubber found in tires, as well as foam insulation.”

Sunflower oil contains 0.090 mol palmitic acid (C₁6H3202)/mol, 0.060 mol stearic acid (C₁8H360₂)/mol, 0.36 mol oleic acid (C₁8H340₂)/mol, and 0.49 mol linoleic acid (C₁8H32O₂)/mol. To create margarine from sunflower oil, the liquid oleic and linoleic acids are hydrogenated in the presence of a metal catalyst to form solid stearic acid. C18H34O2 + H₂ →→ C18H3602 - C18H32O2 + 2H₂ → C18H3602 At a margarine production facility, a stream of 305.0 mol sunflower oil/h is fed into a reactor. The fresh hydrogen source available is a mixture containing 0.97 mol H₂/mol and 0.030 mol N₂/mol. N₂ is inert in this process. To ensure complete hydrogenation, the hydrogen gas mixture is introduced into the reactor in 55.0% excess. All reaction products leave the reactor and proceed to a separator where palmitic and stearic acids are separated from the hydrogen gas mixture. The hydrogen gas mixture is recycled to the fresh feed stream, and 105.0 mol gas/h of this recycle stream is purged to prevent the…

6) Flash Distillation Model ... Suppose we decide to distill the same 1000 moles of the 82 mole% cyclohexane and 18 mole% toluene mixture (see the Batch distillation problem) over a ten hour period (one day) using a flash distillation. In this case we would have a feed stream of 88.3 moles/hr and a bottoms flow rate of 11 moles/hr in order to achieve the same overall material result. A cyclohexane-toluene xy-equilibrium figure is provided for your use if needed. 0 a) For the flash option, determine the distillate and bottoms compositions. b) What would you recommend - batch or flash? Why? F=√+L zF=Y₂V*XBL F= = 1000 moles x=0.82 d=0.883 Xb= 0.117 BUF 0.020 SE301 2ACT 32581 2.12 S884

15.00 ml of a 0.3400 m manganese(iii) acetate solution is mixed with 25.00 ml of a 0.2311 m ammonium carbonate solution. Calculate the number of grams of solid precipitate produced. Calculate the molarity of all species in solution after the reaction has taken place.

Explain why water can freeze intravenously when it is in contact withan ice cube? Be sure you cite the resources.

A wet paper pulp is found to contain 70% water. 61% of the original water was removed by drying. What is the concentration of water in the dried paper pulp? (use as the basis, 1 pound of wet pulp).

Sunflower oil contains 0.070 mol palmitic acid (C₁6H320₂)/mol, 0.060 mol stearic acid (C18H3602)/mol, 0.28 mol oleic acid (C₁8H340₂)/mol, and 0.59 mol linoleic acid (C₁8H320₂)/mol. To create margarine from sunflower oil, the liquid oleic and linoleic acids are hydrogenated in the presence of a metal catalyst to form solid stearic acid. C18H3402 + H₂- → C18H3602 -> C18H3202 +2H₂ → C18H360₂ - At a margarine production facility, a stream of 490.0 mol sunflower oil/h is fed into a reactor. The fresh hydrogen source available is a mixture containing 0.95 mol H₂/mol and 0.050 mol N₂/mol. N₂ is inert in this process. To ensure complete hydrogenation, the hydrogen gas mixture is introduced into the reactor in 70.0% excess. All reaction products leave the reactor and proceed to a separator where palmitic and stearic acids are separated from the hydrogen gas mixture. The hydrogen gas mixture is recycled to the fresh feed stream, and 145.0 mol gas/h of this recycle stream is purged to prevent the…

The zeolite LTA is used as an adsorbent for separations. A nitrogen adsorption study of LTA was performed (0 °C, PN₂= 760 mmHg). Using the BET plot below, calculate the specific surface area (in units of m²/g) of the zeolite. The density and molecular weight of N₂ are 0.808 g/cm³ and 28 g/mol, respectively. Assume nitrogen is a sphere with the projected surface area a (cm²/molecule). Recall that the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP is 22,400 cm³/mol.

Reverse Osmosis is used by water bottling companies to produce desalinized water from sea water. Giventhe figure below, determine the fraction of brine leaving the RO cell that is recycled.