3. You are interested in testing the effect of a drug on human cells. These cells have been sampled and evenly split into two separate cell cultures. You trigger cell division using a growth factor in both cell cultures. This synchronises the start of mitosis so you can easily detect the effect of the drug on the progress through the mitotic phases. Immediately after mitosis begins, you expose one cell culture to the drug (treatment + drug) and compare their progress through the mitotic phases under the microscope to the cells that are not exposed to the drug (control - drug). Here are your observations: Cells from both cell cultures lack their nuclear membranes. Individual chromosomes are clearly visible in both cell cultures Cells from the control culture (- drug) have their chromosomes aligned (see figure below) Cells from the treatment (+ drug) have their chromosomes dispersed in the cell (see figure below). What effect does the drug have on the chromosomes? Indicate two consequences that the drug will have on the progress through the cell cycle. Cells after 8h Treatment (+ drug) Control (-drug)

2. A researcher is studying the effects of a novel cancer drug on cell division and comparing the new drug to a traditional chemotherapy drug. The traditional drug causes numerous side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss and susceptibility to infections due to low white blood cell counts. The novel drug is a targeted therapy (specifically targets the abnormal protein in the cancer cell) and is likely to reduce side effects that patients experience when treated with traditional chemotherapy. One group of cancer patients was treated with the novel drug and a second group of cancer patients was treated with the traditional chemotherapy drug. Prior and subsequent to treatment, a mitotic index was obtained from a tumor sample from each patient as well as a bone marrow sample (bone marrow cells give rise to all blood cell types including red blood cells and white blood cells). Since this is a double-blind study (neither the patient nor the researcher knows which patients received…

2. The first human cells to be successfully cultured were derived from a malignant tumor. Do you think this simply reflects the availability of cancer cells, or might such cells be better subjects for cell culture? Why?

What celluar events/processes are associated with G1,S,G2,and M phases of the cell cycle? With the phases of mitosis? Some example: A. DNA replication B. Beginning of mitosis C. Normal cell growth and function D. Breaksdown of nuclear membrane E.Separation of sister chromatids F.Alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell H.Triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes I. Attachment of microtubles to kinetochores

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2.) One experimental tool used in the biological research and in clinical settings is called Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) or cell cytometry. For example, a cell membrane permeable (or nonpolar) chemical called Hoescht 33342 dye will specifically label DNA. Interpret the graph (Figure 17-4) that illustrates normal cells that have been labeled with Hoescht 33342 dye, and assign which phase(s) of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, or M) corresponds to the fluorescence intensity. Justify your answers. 1 relative fluorescence per cell Figure 17-4 Analysis of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence in a population of cells sorted in a flow cytometer (Problem 17-15). number of cells

Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with

Oncologists (cancer doctors) frequently measure the mitotic index of tumor cells when they are removed via surgery or biopsy.  What do you think is the value of finding out the mitotic index of these cells?