2 A researcher is studying the effects of a novel cancer drug on cell division and comparing the new drug to a traditional chemotherapy drug. The traditional drug causes numerous side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss and susceptibility to infections due to low white blood cell counts. The novel drug is a targeted therapy (specifically targets the abnormal protein in the cancer cell) and is likely to reduce side effects that patients experience when treated with traditional chemotherapy. One group of cancer patients was treated with the novel drug and a second group of cancer patients was treated with the traditional chemotherapy drug. Prior and subsequent to treatment, a mitotic index was obtained from a tumor sample from each patient as well as a bone marrow sample (bone marrow cells give rise to all blood cell types including red blood cells and white blood cells). Since this is a double-blind study (neither the patient nor the researcher knows which patients received which drug), the patient samples were labelled with the patients' initials but no information was provided with respect to the drug each patient was receiving. Below is the data for four different patients. Mitotic index was used to measure the effectiveness of each drug treatment. Use the data below to answer the following questions: Patient ID MI bone marrow cells MI bone marrow MI tumor cells MI tumor cells before treatment cells after treatment before treatment after treatment MJ 0.15 0.07 0.44 0.25 JS 0.17 0.15 0.55 0.08 TE 0.14 0.13 0.47 0.05 KR 0.17 0.04 0.51 0.32 b. Which patient(s) do you think were treated with the novel targeted drug therapy? Explain your answer by referencing the data provided in the table.

2. A researcher is studying the effects of a novel cancer drug on cell division and comparing the new drug to a traditional chemotherapy drug. The traditional drug causes numerous side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss and susceptibility to infections due to low white blood cell counts. The novel drug is a targeted therapy (specifically targets the abnormal protein in the cancer cell) and is likely to reduce side effects that patients experience when treated with traditional chemotherapy. One group of cancer patients was treated with the novel drug and a second group of cancer patients was treated with the traditional chemotherapy drug. Prior and subsequent to treatment, a mitotic index was obtained from a tumor sample from each patient as well as a bone marrow sample (bone marrow cells give rise to all blood cell types including red blood cells and white blood cells). Since this is a double-blind study (neither the patient nor the researcher knows which patients received…

1. What are tumor antigens? What are tumor proto- oncogenes and tumor suppressors? What are the functions of p53 and BRCA1/2? What are the four types of cancer immunotherapies, and the underlying rationale?

Your friend's oncologist suggests a treatment that causes major DNA damage to both external or internal tumors that are localized. What treatment is she suggesting? • Hormone therapy O Surgery O Radiation therapy O Chemotherapy