3. describe five factors and how they affect pain perception and pain relief

2. Are ionotropic or metabotropic receptors faster? Why? What causes the delay in the slower receptor type?

1. Define the two-point threshold. Would the two-point threshold be smaller on thefingertips or the back of the neck? and  Briefly describe the three-neuron pathway of fine touch sensation to the brain.

4. Use what you know about the anatomy and physiology of special sensory organs to evaluate how each of the following changes will impact an Animal's ability to sense its environment. A mutation produces a non-functional ligand-gated channel, which normally binds glucose. Which special sense(s) will be impacted by this mutation? The stereocilia on "hair cells" become stiffer as Vertebrates age. Identify the senses that will be impacted by this change; then, describe one specific example of how the perception of a stimulus will change due to this age related stiffening.