3. Based on the diagram above and your labels, propose a definition for "transduction" in the context of a signal transduction pathway.

a universal feature of cell signaling receptors is that they?   a. undergo a structural (shape) change when the signal molecule is bound   b. are present only in the plasma membrane   c. are only ion channels   d. are protein kinases   e. aer only nuclear receptors

1. Researchers incubated J3’s in the absence of Unknown Factor X. Upon the addition of a membrane-permeant cGMP agonist (a cGMP agonist able to penetrate into the J3’s) you would expect to see STIMULATION/INHIBITION (highlight one) of the J3 activation pathway.2. Researchers incubated J3’s in the presence of Unknown Factor X, but with the addition of a membrane-permeant CYP antagonist. In this case, you would expect to see STIMULATION/INHIBITION (highlight one) of the J3 activation pathway.

Please both explain and give answer

Use the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data provided to EXPLAIN if the cell will get to the response step or not. Keep in mind the purpose of this pathway is to cause skin cell division Growth Factor (GF-signal) Activation of GF Receptor (RTK-receptor) To cause Cell proliferation/cell division (Response) Plasma membrane Sos Grb2 (Ras GEF) (adapter) Raf МАРКK Mek МАРКK Activation of target genes that stimulate proliferation Erk МАРК You have a skin cell in a dish and have added Neural Growth Factor (NGF) to the cell media (the liquid the cell needs to live).

Which of the following describes the way in which phosphorylation cascades can improve signal transduction efficiency in a signal transduction pathway? A B с D They facilitate the amplification of the initial signal. They counter the effects of protein phosphatases. They ensure the production of the correct cellular response. They decrease the speed of signal transduction in the pathway.

10. Explain how scaffold proteins help the efficiency of the AMP kinase cascade. Why is it important that the interaction of the scaffold with the MAP kinases is NOT a very stable interaction?