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- 16. The Type A Transferase enzyme, attaches N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to H-antigen epitopes; the Type B Transferase enzyme instead transfers galactose (Gal) to the H-antigen. Individuals with Type A blood thus have at minimum one copy of the active Type A Transferase, those with Type B have at minimum one copy of the active Type B Transferase, those with Type AB have one active copy of each, those with Type O have neither. Imagine an AB individual who acquires a mutation in their Type B Transferase gene that allows it to be active with either Gal or GalNAc. Make sure to include a brief justification for your answer to each question below. a. What blood type antigens would this individual express? b. If this individual had a child with a normal O partner, what possible blood type antigens could the child express? c. If this individual had a child with a homozygous dominant B partner (BB), what possible blood type antigens could the child express?1. which antibody isotypes is in lowest concentration in serum? a- IGA b- IgD c-IgG d-IgE e- IgM 2. A ruptured spleed was removed from a 37 year old car accident victim. what would be the consequences? a- lack of IgG producing B cells b- lack of IgA producing B cells c- Can't mature T cells d-Lack of IgG producing B cells e- can't activate macrophages1.A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement. 2.Which of the following antibody classes or isotypes facilitate the sequential binding of the C1, C4, C2, and C3 components of the complement system? A. IgAandIgD B. IgAandIgE C. IgDandIgM D. IgE and IgG E. IgMandIgG
- 1. In central tolerance, 3 mechanisms deviate B cells away from making autoreactive antibody. Which is not one of the three mechanisms? a. Return to a non-differentiated stem cell to initiate B cell differentiation again b. Receptor editing away from self-reactivity c. Apoptosis caused by multivalent self-antigen d. Anergy caused by monovalent self-antigen 2. By the age of 50 and greater, about how much of your thymus is nonfunctional? a. 10% b. 40% c. 60% d. 95% 3. Tuberculoid leprosy is associated with a Th1 response and unchecked bacterial growth, whereas lepromatous leprosy is associated with a Th2 responses and suppression of bacterial growth. a. True b. False1. True or False: Negative selection of transitional B cells in the spleen removes B cell clones whose BCR recognizes self antigens that weren't expressed in the bone marrow. 2. Which of the following statements about the pre-BCR is false? A. Transiently expressed with the IgM isotype in its constant region. B. Signals in an antigen-independent manner. C. Consists of a rearranged immunoglobulin light chain paired with a surrogate immunoglobulin heavy chain (VpreB). D. Consists of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain paired with a surrogate light chain (VpreB + lambda5) 3. True or False: The class switch recombination of IgA antibodies is induced by TGF-beta or IL-21, and IgA antibodies can be transported across the placental interface as pentameric (5 member) oligomers. 4. A newborn infant has not started breastfeeding yet. Which isotype of maternal antibody/antibodies does the newborn have that they received from their mother while in utero? A. IgD only B. IgA only…1. If an lg has a hydrophilic C terminus, then which of the following is true of the cell? The cell is a B cell and the immunoglobulin is bound to the membrane. A. B. C. D. E. The cell is a B cell and is producing IgA. The cell is a plasma cell and is secreting antibodies. The cell is an immature B cell and is secreting antibodies. The cell is a naive Plasma cell and is producing immunoglobulin.
- Which of the following diseases is not due to autoimmunity?A. rheumatic feverB. systemic lupus erythematosusC. diabetes mellitusD. HIV/AIDS 3. Which of the following is both a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting cell?A. Natural Killer cellB. eosinophilC. neutrophilD. macrophage 4. What is the first line of defence against germs?A. HeartB. SkinC. Brain D. Eyes5.Which organs in your throat trap germs that come in?A. PancreasB. Spleen C. TonsilsD. Liver6. A person is injected with immunoglobulins against hepatitis B. This person has :A. Artificially acquired passive immunityB. Artificially acquired active immunityC. Naturally acquired active immunityD. Naturally acquired passive immunity8) In addition to the ABO self-antigen system, another red blood cell self-antigen system is the Rh factor. The gene for this self=antigen system exhibits complete dominance with Rh positive (the presence of self-antigen Rh) being completely dominant over Rh negative (the absence of the self-antigen Rh). Rh positive is symbolized as + and Rh negative is symbolized as -. a. Geraldo has B- blood and Arline has O+ blood. Geraldo’s father has B+ blood and his mother has O- blood. Arline’s mother has O= blood and her father has A+ blood. Geraldo and Arline have a daughter, Elise. Using a Punnett square, what are the possible blood types for Elise? b. What is Geraldo’s genotype? c. What is Arline’s genotype?1. Match the type of hypersensitivity reaction with their cause. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction Type II hypersensitivity reaction Type III hypersensitivity reaction A. Effector T cells specific for the sensitizing Ag B. Immune complexes formed from IgG binding to soluble Ag C. Antibodies specific for altered components of human cells 2. Because the FceRI receptors on mast cells, basophils and eosinophils always have IgE bound, they have Ag-specific receptors that function similar to B and T cells. Of the following list of characteristics, which ones are unique to Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils? Choose all that apply. A. Binding antigen triggers differentiation B. Many different IgEs can be found on the surface of one cell C. All of the IgEs on the surface of a…
- 19. The following event does not occur in the germinal centers of activated B cells? A. somatic hypermutation. B. formation of memory B cells C. RNA recombination D. plasma cell formation 20. Features of T-independent immune response include? A. occurs in people that lack a functional thymus C. give rise to memory cells. 21 Thafall E. class switching B. production of IgG and IgA D. involve immunological synapse36) Autoantibodies associated with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus are() A Anti-Sm antibody B Anti-SSA antibody C Anti-cardiolipin antibody D Anti-dsDNA antibody E Anti-nRNPantibody1. Which of the following antibody classes or isotypes facilitate the sequential binding of the C1, C4, C2, and C3 components of the complement system? A. IgA and IgD B. IgA and IgE C. IgD and IgM D. IgE and IgG E. IgM and IgG