21. What are two ways by which SARS-CoV-2 disguises itself from detection by its host-cell's immune system? AND What is the escape structure it uses to leave its host cell?

Q: How does an HIV particle acquire its envelope?

A: The human immunodeficiency virus causes HIV infection, which can later progress to become acquired…

Q: Which of the following is a role of CLRS in host recognition? O a. Direct cell killing O b. Cell to…

A: C Type Lectin Receptors The CLRs or the C type Lectin Receptors are pathogen recognition receptors…

Q: What is meant by non-progressor HIV? What is the physiology behind this

A: Non-progressor HIV means an individual is affected by HIV or Human Immune Deficiency Virus but he or…

Q: It was stated that the Rh antigens are so sparsely scattered on the red cell surface that lgG…

A: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also known as Rh disease or erythroblastosis fetalis, is a…

Q: Qu8. Consider the following HIV/AIDS disease model. d = μ(K-S) - BSI = BSI - (h+u)AII? =hE-(k+u)BAA?…

A: AIDS(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by a retrovirus called HIV(Human immunodeficiency…

Q: This process explains why COVID 19 is so virulent -It increased incidence of comorbidities in the…

A: COVID 19 is so virulent because given below

Q: 54.Host defenses: Which substances can activate host cells to produce AVP's, AntiViral Proteins in…

A: Antiviral responses are activated rapidly after viral infection in order to control and prevent…

Q: Transgenic mice are generated that are incapable of expressing the poly-immunoglobulin receptor.…

A: The dimeric IgA (dIgA) is transported across the epithelial cells of the mucosal surfaces into the…

Q: What are the key organelles in a cell?

A: Hello. Since your question has multiple parts, we will solve first question for you. If you want…

Q: does HIV have a protein coat? if yes what is its structure? what enzymes does it use for its…

A: HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that infects the T-helper cells of the immune system. It is…

Q: 4. Both the constant domains and variable domains of immunoglobulins are formed by beta-barrels. For…

A: Beta-Barrels in Immunoglobulins:a. Interaction between Heavy and Light Chain Barrels: The constant…

Q: Describe the steps that lead to the formation of new HIVparticles.

A: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that attacks the immune…

Q: . A natural protectionn against virus is the production of interferon by virally infected cells. The…

A: Correct answer is E Inducing cellular proteins that degrade RNA and block protein synthesis.

Q: 1."What protein structural features are involved in the antigenic nature of epitopes?

A: Epitopes :- (non-self, foreign protein portion) Epitopes are the region of the immunogen or the…

Q: The tertiary structure of gp120 is shown below. Please describe the protein (make sure to cover…

A: The primary structure of gp120 is the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. This…

Q: 6) (2 pts) Describe one way your INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM can help fight viral infections while it waits…

A: Our immune system fight against the infection and protect the body from any microbes and bacteria…

Q: A tumor develops a mutation which changes the shape of MHCI molecules. This could lead to increased:…

A: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a tightly linked cluster of genes whose product play a…

Q: 2. The following is false about the junctional diversity of antibodies? A. insertion of none-coded…

A: V(D)J recombination is the type of somatic recombination in immune cells like lymphocytes. This is…

Q: 2. What is the structure of SARS-CoV-2 virus? What are the immune responses to COVID-19 infection?…

A: SARS-COV-2 is Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. it is a strain of Corona virus which…

Q: 5. What are the types of COVID-19 vaccines? What are RNA vaccines and their advantages? What are the…

A: COVID-19, short for "coronavirus disease 2019," is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by…

Q: How can a virus pandemic end?

A: Answer :  A Pandemic is an epidemic that spread to multiple continents of the world with a high…

Q: There are serum samples from people who tested positive for the SARS-CoV2 virus and have now…

A: After infection, B cells become activated through various pathways( directly or indirectly ) and…

Q: 64. A 56-year-old man has a 3-week history of fever and malaise, and a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight loss…

A: Cervical adenopathy: It is a medical term used to describe enlarged lymph nodes in the neck region.…

Q: presentation of the viral spike protein on MHC I? Describe the cellular response, ending with the…

A: Class 1 MHC proteins on the surface of most cells displays peptide that are formed by proteolysis of…

Q: 2. Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to viruses or virally…

A: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability…

Q: 102. A 29-year-old woman who is an intravenous drug user is found to have increased serum AST and…

A: Serum AST and ALT Activities: They are found primarily in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged,…

Q: Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…

Q: What is the role of gp120 in HIV infection?

A: The virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) targets the immune system of the body. HIV can…

Q: 54-y/o woman comes for the office examination. She has been experiencing periods of heat…

A: The thyroid gland is a bilobed gland that belongs to the category of endocrine glands. It is located…

Q: How do vaccines help your immune system against the covid-19 virus?

A: Vaccines help our immune system against covid-19 virus.

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of COVID19 vaccination?

A: COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory…

Q: All of the following are true concerning the Alere HIV test except: a)this test can detect…

A: Introduction  HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which cause AIDS (Acquired…

Q: how does the Pitzer vaccine uses cellular machinery to make the cell SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

A: Spike proteins is a large type I  transmembrane protein that is highly glycosylated as it contains…

Q: How does having this additional information make the vaccine more effective?

A: Gene splicing mechanism is known as a post-translational modification. In this form of modification,…

Q: Explain how HIV interactions with the immune system differ from SARS-CoV-2

A: The SARS-CoV-2 beta coronavirus has four structural proteins that are genetically encoded by…

Q: 1.  Why should people care about COVID19? 2. Why is COVID 19 and getting the vaccinated important?

A: Coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper…

Q: 5. What effect can priming MSCs with IFN-gamma have on Type 1 and 2 helper T cells?

A: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) These are stromal cells with multilineage differentiation and the…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.