1. Choose all the correct answers. Enzyme catalyzing this reaction:COOCO0ноC-H+ NAD*CH2+ NADH + H*CH2лвенныйтетCoOCOOL-MalateOxaloacetateA. Belongs to the class of transferases.B. Belongs to the class of oxidoreductases.C. Is a simple enzyme.D. Is a holoenzyme. 2. Parkinson's disease is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of thebrain. Dopamine is produced in the brain from L-DOPA (L-dihydroxyphenylalanine)by removal of a molecule of carbon dioxide. The L-DOPA is produced by oxidation oftyrosine, which is in turn produced from phenylalanine by another oxidoreductase. Theenzyme that converts L-DOPA to dopamine is best classified as an/a:A. Oxidoreductase.B. Transferase.C. Hydrolase.D. Lyase.E. Isomerase.3. Most synthetic reactions in which carbon dioxide is used reguire the vitamin biotin. The200yniCenen

Enzymes are actually classified into seven classes, namely oxidoreductases, transferases,…

Answered: 2. Parkinson's disease is caused by a…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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5
6. In the citric acid cycle the enzyme aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. The reaction is a dehydration-rehydration reaction occurring in two steps thru the intermediate aconitate. citrate 4 aconitate s isocitrate. When the enzyme aconitase is tested in the lab under standard conditions and the reaction allowed to run to equilibrium the concentration of citrate is 0.906 mM, aconitate 0.038 mM, and isocitrate 0.056 mM. a) isocitrate by the aconitase enzyme? Show calculations. (Standards and equations below) What is the AG" (standard free-energy) change for the conversion of citrate to R = 0.008315 kJ/mol·K T= 298 K (at 25°C) AGº=-RTIN Keq From your calculations explain whether the citric acid cycle could proceed under standard conditions? From the AG" calculations you made for the reactions catalyzed by aconitase, thermodynamically how does the citric acid cycle proceed under cellular conditions?
6. Lovastatin (see picture), is a potent competitive inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase (B-hydroxy- B-methylglutaryl-COA reductase). In addition, the synthetic compound, Terbinafine (see picture), is a potent inhibitor of squalene monooxygenase. Both compounds could be used to treat hypercholesterolemia, a genetic disorder where the patient synthesizes too much cholesterol regardless of dietary intake of cholesterol. a. Predict and explain the effect of these drug on serum cholesterol levels in humans. b. Based on squalene monooxygenase's role in synthesizing sterols, explain why terbinafine is marketed as an anti-fungal agent, and not for hypercholesterolemia.
16. Answer and explain
9. Which of the following statements is/are correct for the shown reaction? A CHg-c-s-col + CO - C-CH₂-C-S-COA A. The reaction occurs in the mitochondria B. The small molecule in box a is GTP C. The reaction is a committed step for fatty acid catabolism D. The reaction requires biotin E. None of the above
Which of the following about eicosanoids is incorrect? A. Cyclooxygenase pathway produces prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. B. Lipoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to thromboxane. C. Lipoxygenase pathway produces leukotrienes. D. Phospholipase A2 catalyzes the liberation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids
2. Draw the reactions catabolizing the amino acid valine into isobutryl-CoA, specifically one transamination reaction (for which you do not need to show the mechanism) and one dehydrogenation reaction (which is analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mechanism, and for which you need to show the mechanism using arrow pushing and including the relevant cofactors). Note: Beyond the importance of these reactions for human health, this pathway is used industrially in the production of isobutanol, an important biofuel. NH3 SCOA valine isobutyryl-CoA
A patient who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time shows thefollowing symptoms: apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fro motion of the eyeballs.Which of the following reactions are most likely to be affected in the patient? A. Conversation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B. Conversation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Which of the following is incorrect about the conversion of pyruvate (with 3 C) and CO₂ to oxaloacetate (with 4 C) catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase? O a. Pyruvate is being carboxylated O b. Pyruvate carboxylase is not a regulatory enzyme Oc. Pyruvate carboxylase uses biotin (a vitamin) as a cofactor Od. The reaction is.irreversible
2. In contrast to the toxicity of 2-fluoro-citrate, L-(2-fluoro-)succinate is not an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase and the product 2-fluoro-fumarate is converted by fumarate hydratase to L-(2-fluoro-2- hydroxy)malate that breaks down to oxaloacetate. (a) the FAD coenzyme of succinate dehydrogenase as the normal substrate? Write the reaction with structural formulas to illustrate your answer. Does the oxidation of 2-fluoro-succinate yield the same number of reducing equivalents to (b) droxy)malate, which breaks down spontaneously to oxaloacetate. Write the equation with structural formulas. 2-fluoro-fumarate is a substrate of fumarate hydratase forming only L-(2-fluoro-2-hy- Oxaloacetate has been shown to be a very po- (c) tent inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. For the enzyme 3 isolated from cardiac muscle the Kj value is ~4 x 10-6M, as shown in the L-B plot on the right. Yet, this inhibition is never discussed in biochemistry textbooks. From your reading in the textbook,…
8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fucl metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this me the Ocuics, name d) specify the hormone that accelerates this preeursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.
77).

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