2. Consider the money market. Suppose the US economy begins to boom and aggregate output increases. With the help of a graph, describe the effect on the interest rate if the Fed decides to increase the money supply at the same time that aggregate output increases.

Suppose that, initially, the economy is operating in an inflationary gap and that the Federal Reserve (the Fed") pursues a contractionary monetary policy to close the gap. Assume that natural real GOP equals $2 trillion. The following graph shows the supply ($) and demand (D) curves in the money market. Adjust the graph to show the effect of the contractionary monetary policy. QUANTITY OF MONEY INTEREST RATE

1. Explain how to the Central Bank can reduce the money supply with open market operations. Show the impact of this contractionary monetary policy on the interest rate and discuss the implications to the economy. 2. Suppose the economy is in a recession with high unemployment. a. Identify a monetary policy that would restore the economy to its natural rate of employment and steady-state equilibrium output levels. Draw a graph of the money market to illustrate the effect of this monetary policy. Show the resulting change in the interest rate and discuss the implications. b. Identify a fiscal policy that would restore the economy to its natural rate of employment. Discuss the drawbacks and the benefits of this policy.

When the Federal Reserve buys government securities from a bank, the money supply ________ and interest rates ________.     increases; rise     decreases; rise     decreases; fall     increases; fall

Table 15-4 Year 2022 2023 Potential Real GDP $18.1 trillion 18.4 trillion Real GDP $18.1 trillion 18.3 trillion Price Level Use the editor to format your answer 150 153 Refer to Table 15-4. Suppose the following table illustrates the values of real and potential GDP and the price level if the Fed does not vote to change their current policy to be more contractionary or expansionary. If the Fed wants to keep real GDP at its potential level in 2023, should the Fed use a contractionary or expansionary policy? How should it conduct open market operations to achieve its goal?

6. Changes in the money supply The following graph represents the money market for some hypothetical economy. This economy is similar to the United States in the sense that it has a central bank called the Fed, but a major difference is that this economy is closed (and therefore does not have any interaction with other world economies). The money market is currently in equilibrium at an interest rate of 3.5% and a quantity of money equal to $0.4 trillion, designated on the graph by the grey star symbol. INTEREST RATE (Percent) 5.5 5.0 New MS Curve Money Demand 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0 0.1 0.2 Money Supply 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 MONEY (Trillions of dollars) New Equilibrium (?) Suppose the Fed announces that it is raising its target interest rate by 50 basis points, or 0.5 percentage points. To do this, the Fed will use open- market operations to the money by the public. Use the green line (triangle symbol) on the previous graph to illustrate the effects of this policy by placing…

5. Changes in the money supply The following graph represents the money market in a hypothetical economy. As in the United States, this economy has a central bank called the Fed, but unlike in the United States, the economy is closed (that is, the economy does not interact with other economies in the world). The money market is currently in equilibrium at an interest rate of 6% and a quantity of money equal to $0.4 trillion, as indicated by the grey star. INTEREST RATE (Percent) 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 0 Money Demand + 0.1 Money Supply 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 MONEY (Trillions of dollars) 0.6 0.7 0.8 New MS Curve New Equilibrium ?

Rate of interest (%) 16 14 12 10 00 6. 4 2 0 40 80 B 120 160 200 Quantity of investment 144 240 280

6. Targeting the money supply or interest rates The following graph shows an increase in the demand for money from 2020 (MD2020 to 2021 ( MD202) caused by an increase in aggregate output. The initial equilibrium interest rate in 2020 was Suppose the Federal Reserve (the Fed) chooses not to alter the money supply between 2020 and 2021. On the following graph, use the grey point (star symbol) to indicate the equilibrium interest rate and quantity of money that would result from this lack of intervention. NOMINAL INTEREST RATE (Percent) 6.50 Money Supply 6.25 6.00 5.75 5.50 5.25 5.00 4.75 4.50 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 14 1.5 QUANTITY OF MONEY (Trillions of dollars) MD 2021 MD 2020 No Intervention New MS Curve + With Intervention Suppose the Fed wants to keep 2021 interest rates at their 2020 level. On the previous graph, place the green line (triangle symbols) to indicate the new money supply curve if the Fed follows this policy. Then use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the…

Show the impact of the increase in government purchases on the interest rate by shifting one or both of the curves on the following graph. INTEREST RATE 12 10 8 2 0 0 20 Money Supply known as the Money Demand 40 60 80 MONEY (Billions of dollars) 100 120 = Money Demand Money Supply ? Suppose that for every increase in the interest rate of one percentage point, the level of investment spending declines by $0.5 billion. Based on the changes made to the money market in the previous scenario, the new interest rate causes the level of investment spending to by Taking the multiplier effect into account, the change in investment spending will cause the quantity of output demanded to by at every price level. The impact of an increase in government purchases on the interest rate and the level of investment spending is effect. Use the purple line (diamond symbol) on the graph at the beginning of this problem to show the aggregate demand curve (AD3) after accounting for the impact of the increase…