15 Explain why detergents, which have an amphipathic structure like bile salts, are able to remove both water-based and oil-based stains.

VI. Although most biologically relevant sugars have the D-configuration, L-fucose is a commonly observed monosaccharide component in glycoproteins. Glycosylated antibodies (IgGs) observed in patients with active TB have more fucose than those found in patients with latent TB (Lu et. al., 2016). Latent TB occurs when a person has the TB bacteria, but bacterial proliferation is kept under control by the body's immune system; hence, the infected person is asymptomatic and not infectious. A person with latent TB will test positive for the tuberculin test or TB blood test. a) L-fucose is also known as 6-deoxy-L-galactose. Note that D-galactose is a C-4 epimer of D-glucose. Draw the Fisher projections for D-glucose, D-galactose and L-fucose. (Hints: D- and L-isomers are enantiomers. 6-deoxy means that the hydroxyl group at C-6 is removed leaving just the methyl group). D-galactose: D-glucose: L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose): b) L-fucose can cyclize into a pyranose and form two anomers. Draw…

List two situations when you would not be able to use the UV-Vis absorbance at 280 nm to determine a protein’s concentration.

2.58. Bacteria have equivalent diameters of 2 × 10-6 m and densities of approximately 1 kg/L. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can di- vide every 30 min. Determine the mass of bacteria that would accumulate in 72 hr under continuing optimal growth conditions. Can this occur? Explain.

What is the biochemical basis for the spectrum of fastidiousness seen in the microbial world? (That is, why are some organisms fastidious and others are non fastidious?)

Liposomes used in these vaccines contain some cationic lipids, or lipids with a positively charged head group.  Explain why this is a sensible strategy for delivering genetic materials (or drugs) to a human cell.

What is the mode of action for kanamycin? Is it bacteriostatic or bactericidal? https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Kanamycin

Classify the symmetrical arrangement ofthe subunits (e.g., C2 , C3 , D 2 , helical, icosahedral). 1. Proteobacterial nitrite sensor (3PNS):2. Pseudomonad oligosaccharide receptor (7POR):3. Adenoviral structural protein (8ASP)