1. What are the components needed for cellular respiration to occur? What are the products of cellular respiration? (Think back to biochemistry- where does the ATP/energy we get come from?)

7. In the ketone body pathway, both acetoacetate and B-hydroxy butyrate are produced and become additional fuel molecules for the organism. a. Define where these molecules are produced (both tissue type and location in the cell) and what tissue they "feed". b. Of these two molecules, which one is considered slightly better in delivering more energy to the target tissue? Why? c. How does acetone, another ketone body, participate in delivering fuel to target tissue? d. If acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme was mutated and became inactive (zero enzyme activity), how would this affect the ketone pathway during these conditions: į. immediately after a meal, ii. under starvation conditions, iii. during unchecked (not being treated for) type-1 diabetes.

1. All oxygen inhaled by animals and transported around their bodies is destined for specific locations in the body. Once oxygen reaches protein complex IV of the electron transport chain (ETC) it begins its vital task of pulling electrons away from protein complex IV. In short, a set of chain reactions are triggered at protein complex IV. From here 2 electrons are taken from complex III, which then takes two electrons from complex II, or l. a) Use a diagram and your own words to describe how a proton-motive force created by the ETC generates ATP. Make sure you label your diagram correctly and include; inner mitochondrial membrane, hydrogen ions, ADP, P, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, mitochondrial matrix, and ATP.

20. Under a normal metabolic rate which of the following compounds is the most energy rich?     Glucose-6-phospate.     GTP.     NADH.     ATP.     FADH2.

Describe with a summary picture the aerobic respiration from glucose (CHO) all the way to Co2 and water. Highlight, with yellow the flow of H (and then electrons and protons) and in red the ATP   Include:  inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix, intermembrane space   glycolisis, Krebs cycle (citirc acid), e.t.c. (oxidative phosphorilation) ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase complex, cyt b-c1complex, cyt oxidase complex, ubiquinone, cytochrome-c glucose, pyruvate, acetyl-Co-A, H2O, O2, CO2, NADH, NAD+, FADH2, e-, H+, ATP, ADP +Pi direction of the arrows, inner membrane potential, gradient of protons, inner membrane transporters, outer membrane porins

5. Patients suffering from Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) can carry a mutation in one of several genes. Two of these genes are ApoB and PCSK9. a. Diagram the normal cholesterol sensing pathway for a healthy person. This should be focused on the molecules that handle cholesterol and that regulate cholesterol production, NOT on patient symptoms. b. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in Apoß disrupts cholesterol sensing. Then write a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted in patients with an ApoB mutation. c. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in PCSK9 disrupts cholesterol sensing. Then write a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted in patients with PCSK9 mutation.

7. What does aerobic mean vs anaerobic? 8. Using words and symbols, write the overall equation for cellular respiration.

1. Does glycolysis take place in the presence of oxygen? Why or why not?

3. Explain the total (net) yield of ATP from Aerobic respiration in three of the different stages of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain). Pyruvate oxidation or the Link reactions does not make ATP. In other words, how many total ATP energy molecules are produced in each cycle and which steps in the different cycles make the ATP. Explain the yield in reference to the overall cellular respiration Equation.