3. Explain the total (net) yield of ATP from Aerobic respiration in three of the different stages of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain). Pyruvate oxidation or the Link reactions does not make ATP. In other words, how many total ATP energy molecules are produced in each cycle and which steps in the different cycles make the ATP. Explain the yield in reference to the overall cellular respiration Equation.

1.

2. The mechanism of HMG-CoA reducatse enzyme activity involves several stages. For the catalytic reaction to proceed, another substrate known as NADPH, which acts as a reducing agent is required. The kinetics of enzyme activity with NADPH at non-limiting amounts of HMG-CoA in the absence or presence of compactin is shown below. a) Based on the description above, which of the six types of enzymes does HMG-CoA reductase belong to? b) What is the Km for the reaction with no inhibitor present? Do NOT forget the units. Answers can be expressed either as a fraction or in decimals. c) What happens the measured Km with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change d) What happens to the measured Vmax with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change e) Based on your answers above, what type of inhibitor is compactin relative to its effects on enzyme activity NADPH? with -60 -40 1/V, (nanomoles/min)-1 -20 0.2 0.18 0.16…

6. Fill in the blanks and select the correct option [A/B/C] in the paragraph below. Although both NADH and FADH₂ bring high-energy electrons to the ETC, ultimately they produce different amounts of [ H₂O / ATP /0₂]. NADH is [oxidized / reduced] by NADH reductase resulting in 2 H*/protons being pumped from the to the [2/4/6] FADH₂ gives its electrons to [ ubiquinone / cytochrome c] which means that only [2/4/6] H*/protons are pumped. All electrons are eventually accepted by which produces water/H₂O. Ultimately, each NADH is responsible for the production of about [2/3 /4] ATP while FADH₂ makes [2/3/4] when the potential energy of the electrochemical gradient moves [ protons/electrons ] back into the matrix using the enzyme