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1. At first glance, it may seem that living systems are able to defy the second law of
2.Which of the following reactions is unfavorable?
a. NaCl dissolving in water (∆G < 0)
b. Formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis (∆Go values vary from +10 to +20 kJ/mol)
c. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Ⓟ (∆Go' = –30.5 kJ/mol)
d. Oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6) yield up to 38 ATPs in a eukaryotic cell
e. Oxidation of a 16-carbon (C16) fatty acid releases enough energy to synthesize 130 ATPs
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- The second law of thermodynamics, in a very general sense, states that entropy (S) is always increasing. ASuniverse AS system + AS surroundings > 0 When phospholipids are dispersed in an aqueous solution, they will often form more ordered structures in the form of micelles, liposomes, or lipid bilayers. This behavior seemingly contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. Why is this behavior in agreement with the second law of thermodynamics? Liposome Micelle Bilayer sheetarrow_forward1. Respond to each statement below as true or false and provide a brief (< 3-sentence) explanation of your reasoning along with any qualifications pertaining to your answer. A. "The change in internal energy is equal to the heat exchanged between a system and surroundings at constant volume and the enthalpy change is the heat exchanged at constant pressure." B. "The value of AG determines the value of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant." C. "The contact probability for DNA segments in a Hi-C chromatin-conformation- capture experiment has a power-law dependence with exponent equal to -1.5." D. "Living cells have the properties of an ideal viscous medium." E. "The optimal combination of transcription and translation rates for a given gene depend on sensitivity of gene-product levels to noise."arrow_forwardA thermodynamically spontaneous reaction O A. happens quickly, with no addition of energy to the system O"happens quickly whether or not there is an addition of energy to the system В. has the capacity to happen but might not happen quickly has the capacity to happen but only in the presence of a catalystarrow_forward
- 20) Normally an enzyme has maximal enzyme activity at 37°C, but once it has been heated to 100°C and then cooled back down to 37°C the enzyme is no longer active. Why?arrow_forwardV 23. The graph below is a graph of Vmax (a) Label the graph clearly with both the Vmax and the Km. Estimate the Km from this graph giving the correct units. v/Vmax 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 vs [S] for an enzyme. Enzyme Activity vs [Substrate] :0.2 0.4 Substrate (HM): 0.6 (b) If the Vmax = 25 mmoles per minute per µmole of enzyme calculate the Keat and the specificity constant."arrow_forwardHow it is that cells are making larger, more complex molecules, yet they do not defy the second law of thermodynamics? (note: cells are open systems not closed)arrow_forward
- The enzyme E catalyzes the chemical reaction, X ⇌ Y. Imagine two different cases, a) initial concentration of X is low, and b) initial concentration of X is high. Now, if you start adding X, the initial velocity will increase until it reaches its maximum level. In which case, the initial velocity will increase linearly with an increase in the concentration of X? why?arrow_forward6. An enzyme catalyzed reaction has a KM of 1 mM and a Vmax of 5 nM/s. What is the reaction velocity when the substrate concentration is (a) 0.25 mM (b) 1.5 mM, and (c) 10 mM?arrow_forward1. Assuming that everything that’s needed to make tripalmitin comes from glucose, how many glucose would be used by adipose tissue in the synthesis of 1 mol tripalmitin? 2. How many ATP would be used (net of produced and used)? 3. If an animal absorbs 35 g glucose (MW = 180 g/mol) from drinking a can of pop, how many grams of tripalmitin (MW = 807 g/mol) can be produced from it in adipose tissue? Please provide only typed answer solution no handwritten solution needed allowedarrow_forward
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