Myasthenia Gravis Research Paper

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular system part of the body. Chronic means persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Autoimmune disorder is the confusion of the body’s immune system. The immune system form antibodies that mistakenly identify healthy tissue as foreign and then, the antibodies will attack and/or destroy healthy body tissue. Neuromuscular is the nervous system relationship with the muscles bring about body movement.

The causes and the manner of the development is not fully understood yet. The over view of fibromyalgia is a dysfunction of the central or autonomic nervous system. It is possible that hormones, weak immune system, stressors and a few other influences may cause this disease. Central sensitization is the main make up of this disease. Central sensitization is a result of random nerve activity, enlarged receptive fields, and augmented stimulus responses. Fibromyalgia includes a well-known restraint that blocks pain pathways that control spinal cord responses to painful stimuli. This barrier is weakened in patients with fibromyalgia which helps to worsen the central

The disorder takes effect on the male’s usage of his limbs (arms & legs) over time the

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction which usually causes muscle weakness and other problems. Some of the people who have Myasthenia Gravis experience respiratory failures. It’s very crucial that these patients stay away from interventions that might worsen the disease process. In 2014 a 62 year old woman with a history of metastatic thymic carcinoma and myasthenia gravis came to the emergency room in Houston, Texas. For two days this lady had been experiencing weakness, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath. They admitted her into the intensive care unit because she had the symptoms of a myasthenia crisis. That evening they ran a test and there was a substantial decrease in the patient’s vital capacity. The patient wouldn’t agree to be intubated or ventilated. On the third day in the ICU the patient was granted a trial of non-invasive ventilation, but this did not improve her condition. So finally she agreed to be intubated

Guillain-Barre ́syndrome (GBS) was first described in 1916 by Guillain, Barre ́and Strohl as a rapid progressive motor disorder with noted absence of reflexes and elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid proteins [1]. Research throughout the early twentieth century began to identify varying subtypes and severities of GBS ranging from decreased sensory perception and distal weakness to respiratory paralysis and death in more several instances [2]. GBS is currently understood as a syndrome that encompasses a spectrum of immune mediated polyneuropathies [3]. The onset of GBS is associated with an antecedent infection typically 2-4 weeks before the onset of symptoms. The

Myasthenia gravis is an immune-mediated disorder by fatigue of skeletal muscles. This typically involves extrinsic ocular or bulbar areas. This disease is usually found in older people but most people do not recognize it and it is rare. It is often confused with cerebrovascular disease. This disease is a post-synaptic neuromuscular junction disorder. There is always fatigue present in this disease. Patients have to take different test such as, itive nerve stimulation and antibody serology.

Single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) is another reliable diagnostic test for MG. This test typically requires the use of a specialized EMG needle electrode that is inserted into a single muscle in rapid succession in order to measure muscle “jitter” or fatigue (Selvan, 2011). This test measures electrical impulses and activity between the brain and the muscle, and detects individual muscle weakness. To establish possible MG in a patient, there are more jitters shown in weaker muscles. SFEMG is highly sensitive and requires great technical expertise to administer.

Myasthenia Gravis is a rare, but aggrieve autoimmune disease that was discovered by neurologist back in the mid 30’s. This disease is known for blocking the receptors that supply the body with the necessary proteins and signals the body need to preform adequately. Myasthenia has no particular race, gender, age group or living being that it would take as a host to destroy. Some neurologist believe MG can also effect dogs and other type for animals. The first sign of MG began with the eyes first. Then Myasthenia will move to the muscles structure of its host to break the volunteer muscles. Doctor believe around the age of 60 is when MG seem to be more active among males. No one knows why, maybe because our body are weaker a fragile doing this

An international consensus guidance provides recommendations on the best standard practice for treating Myasthenia Gravis (Hughes, 2016). The recommendations were established to assist providers on best practices for treatment for Myasthenia Gravis. Myasthenia Gravis is rare and is not commonly seen very often in practices (Hughes, 2016).

Sjögren syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterized by dry mouth, dry eyes, rash, blood cell abnormalities, and Raynaud phenomenon (pain and color changes in the hands). It has a close association with thyroid disease, but it is unclear whether they have a direct relationship. Patients can also develop joint pains, pulmonary fibrosis, peripheral neuropathy, and mild anemia.

According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the immune system starts to destroy the myelin sheaths that covered around the axons which cause the nerves cannot signal efficiently. This is a reason why the muscles in the body fail to respond to the commands from the brain. Muscle weakness and paralysis are the characteristics of GBS. The weakness often starts in the legs and spreads to the upper extremities. Patient with GBS usually complain numbness, tingling, or pain. These symptoms have major impacts on patients’ occupation performance (Kenny, 2016). Due to severe symptoms, they might have difficulty walking and balance coordination. They are unable to perform simple daily activities such as walking to

Range of motion is tested in a variety of ways, all methods can be categorized into one of two categories; active range of motion and passive range of motion. Active range of motion requires the individual to consciously contract one or more muscles to move two points on the body closer together or farther apart. Active range of motion for hip flexion requires the individual to consciously contract their quadriceps and hip flexors to bring their hip and knee closer together. Active range of motion also uses muscle contractions to stretch antagonistic muscles and non contractile tissues on the opposite side of the joint. Passive hip flexion requires an second individual to move the person’s limb or body part to move the two points closer together

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. In this disease, the attack occurs in between the nerve and the neuromuscular junction, which interferes with the ability of nerve cells to send signals to the muscle cells (Sanders, 2003). This disease is named after the two neurologists Edward Lambert and Lee Eaton who discovered this myasthenia syndrome in the 1950s and '60s. It is considered as a neuromuscular autoimmune which is used as the model of autoimmunity and tumor immunology. The characteristics of the profound disease is that it weakness the strengths of the muscles which is assumed to be caused by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) is presented on the presynaptic nervous terminal.

In 1964 the US Chiropractor Dr. Goodheart tried to combine TCM, kinesiology (muscle testing) and diagnostics and called his new thechnique Applied Kinesiology. In the following years the Kinesiology became an easy to learn method for self-care and daily energy system maintenance. Shortly after, in the 1970’s Diamond developed the Behavioural Kinesiology, where he tested muscle

As per to Kobler et al., (2012), they were asked to sign the informed consent document approved by the Institutional Review Board at Nova Southeastern University, and they were given complete information about the study even before starting the research. The study had exclusion criteria as well. The researchers made sure they don’t include participants with any cervical spine or upper extremity pain during data collection or participants who are receiving therapeutic care on their dominant hand due to recent shoulder surgery. Otherwise, this would have led to err in the measurement. The 3rd year DPT students who were supposed to perform the measurements were given 6 hours practice trials with the instruments in addition to their academic exposure. This was another way to avoid any measurement error. The measurements were taken in two ways inter and intra raters way. And both the raters were blinded to the results throughout the investigation. This way they avoid result bias. For accuracy, the digital inclinometer was fixed to zero before taking any measurement. Also, to ensure validity the measurement from goniometer and inclinometer was taken in one motion of scaption. All the participants were asked to perform a same 3 min warm up and were asked to perform passive motion first and then active motion. This way the participant was familiarized with the requested motion