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Essay On Sodium Chloride

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Our results mostly match with these studies. Interestedly, biofilm-associated cells showed to be significantly more metabolically active than the sporangia at pH 9 (p 2 ppt has significantly reduce the infection loads (Stockwell and Mahony 2015). There is evidence that higher concentrations of sodium chloride, 10% (w/v), can kill Bd in 2 min (Johnson et al. 2003).But, this is a very high concentration which can negatively affect amphibians as well. Salinity of the natural water bodies increase gradually every year due to agricultural clearing, irrigation and the massive use of de-icing salt on roads both in urban and suburban areas (Kaushal et al. 2005, Pitman 2002). There are lentic water bodies which have the mean annual salinity as high …show more content…

We provide more complete results regarding the effectiveness of the amphotericin B as an antifungal treatment for chytridiomycosis. As an attempt of finding novel antifungal therapeutic agents for Bd, we tested the viability of the zoospores, sporangia and biofilm-associated cells in the presence of different concentrations of methyl chavicol, curcumin, allicin and 6-gingerol. Plant extracts have been used to treat different microbial diseases of humans, animals and plants for decades. Methyl chavicol is not soluble in water; instead it is highly soluble in ethanol and DMSO. Ethanol and DMSO both kill Bd. Therefore, testing its ability to kill Bd was determined in mixed cultures by directly adding different volumes of oil into 10 ml H-broth cultures. The minimal inhibitory concentration of methyl chavicol was 1 µl/ml which completely killed a mixer of both zoospores and sporangia. Our results match with the previously reported MIC of 1 µl/ml for methyl chavicol which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Moniliophthora perniciosa (Costa et al. 2015). Antibacterial activities of Ocimum sp. essential oils, which consist methyl chavicol as the major component, have been proved to be effective against different bacteria and fungi (Moghaddam et al. 2014, Pandey et al. 2014). Even though methyl chavicol seems very promising in mitigating Bd in vitro, in vivo studies are highly recommended as there is evidence that methyl chavicol

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