(a)
Interpretation:
The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp3 hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
- The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central
m = number
n = number of unshared electron pairs.
The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom
(b)
Interpretation:
The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
- The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A
n = number of unshared electron pairs.
The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom
(c)
Interpretation:
The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
- The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A
n = number of unshared electron pairs.
The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom
(d)
Interpretation:
The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp2 hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
- The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A
n = number of unshared electron pairs.
The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom
(e)
Interpretation:
The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp3d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
- The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A
n = number of unshared electron pairs.
The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom
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Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
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