Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079373
Author: William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 7, Problem 57QAP
Give the hybridization of each atom (except H) in the solvent dimethylsulfoxide. (Unshared electron pairs are not shown.)
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For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (a) The greater the orbital overlap in a bond, the weaker the bond. [b] The greater the orbital overlap in a bond, the shorter the bond. [c] To create a hybrid orbital, you could use the s orbital on one atom with a p orbital on another atom. [d] Nonbonding electron pairs cannot occupy a hybrid orbital.
For each of the following molecules (in which the central atom is underlined),
classify it according to the AXnEm nomenclature of the VSEPR theory,
draw the 3-dimensional structure, showing all valence shell electrons of all atoms,
draw the net dipole moment vector (if one exists) on the structure diagram,
name the hybrid atomic orbitals used by the central atom for σ bonding and
name the orbitals used by the central atom for π bonding (if applicable).
Molecule or Ion
SbOCl3
ArOF4
a. AXE formula
b. 3-dimensional
structure
c. Indicate the net dipole moment vector (if any) on this diagram.
d. σ- bonding orbitals used by the central atom
e. π-bonding orbitals used by the central atom
Azo dyes are organic dyes that are used for many applications,such as the coloring of fabrics. Many azo dyes arederivatives of the organic substance azobenzene, C12H10N2.A closely related substance is hydrazobenzene, C12H12N2.The Lewis structures of these two substances are(Recall the shorthand notation used for benzene.)(a) What is the hybridization at the N atom in each of thesubstances? (b) How many unhybridized atomic orbitalsare there on the N and the C atoms in each of the substances?(c) Predict the N¬N¬C angles in each of thesubstances. (d) Azobenzene is said to have greater delocalizationof its p electrons than hydrazobenzene. Discussthis statement in light of your answers to (a) and (b). (e) Allthe atoms of azobenzene lie in one plane, whereas thoseof hydrazobenzene do not. Is this observation consistentwith the statement in part (d)? (f) Azobenzene is an intensered-orange color, whereas hydrazobenzene is nearly colorless.Which molecule would be a better one to use in asolar…
Chapter 7 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Ch. 7 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 7 - Follow the directions of Question 1 for (a) IO2-...Ch. 7 - Follow the directions of Question 1 for (a) CIF4-...Ch. 7 - Follow the directions of Question 1 for (a) OCl2...Ch. 7 - Follow the directions of Question 1 for (a) C22-...Ch. 7 - Oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is a poisonous compound found...Ch. 7 - Radio astronomers have detected the isoformyl ion,...Ch. 7 - Draw Lewis structures for the following species....Ch. 7 - Follow the directions of Question 9 for the...
Ch. 7 - Dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, when bubbled into...Ch. 7 - Formic acid is the irritating substance that gets...Ch. 7 - Two different molecules have the formula C2H2Cl2....Ch. 7 - Two different molecules have the formula C2H6O....Ch. 7 - Prob. 15QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 16QAPCh. 7 - Write a Lewis structure for (a) XeF3+ (b) PCl4+...Ch. 7 - Write a Lewis structure for (a) BCl4 (b) ClO- (c)...Ch. 7 - Write reasonable Lewis structures for the...Ch. 7 - Write reasonable Lewis structures for the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 7 - Draw resonance structures for (a) SeO3 (b) CS32-...Ch. 7 - Prob. 23QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 24QAPCh. 7 - The skeleton structure for disulfur dinitride,...Ch. 7 - Borazine, B3N3H6, has the skeleton Draw the...Ch. 7 - What is the formal charge on the indicated atom in...Ch. 7 - Prob. 28QAPCh. 7 - Below are two different Lewis structures for...Ch. 7 - Below are two different Lewis structures for the...Ch. 7 - Predict the geometry of the following species: (a)...Ch. 7 - Predict the geometry of the following species: (a)...Ch. 7 - Predict the geometry of the following species: (a)...Ch. 7 - Predict the geometry of the following species: (a)...Ch. 7 - Predict the geometry of the following species: (a)...Ch. 7 - Predict the geometry of the following species: (a)...Ch. 7 - Give all the ideal bond angles (109.5, 120, or...Ch. 7 - Prob. 38QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 39QAPCh. 7 - An objectionable component of smog is acetyl...Ch. 7 - The uracil molecule is one of the bases in DNA....Ch. 7 - Niacin is one of the B vitamins (B3). Estimate the...Ch. 7 - Which of the species with octets in Question 31...Ch. 7 - Which of the species with octets in Question 32...Ch. 7 - Which of the species with octets in Question 33...Ch. 7 - Prob. 46QAPCh. 7 - There are three compounds with the formula...Ch. 7 - There are two different molecules with the formula...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom in each...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom in each...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom in each...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom in each...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom in each...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom in each...Ch. 7 - In each of the following polyatomic ions, the...Ch. 7 - Follow the directions of Question 55 for the...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of each atom (except H) in...Ch. 7 - Acrylonitrile, C3H3N is the building mer Orlon....Ch. 7 - What is the hybridization of nitrogen inCh. 7 - What is the hybridization of carbon inCh. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom...Ch. 7 - Give the hybridization of the central atom...Ch. 7 - Give the number of sigma and pi bonds in the...Ch. 7 - Give the number of sigma and pi bonds in the...Ch. 7 - Give the number of sigma and pi bonds in each...Ch. 7 - Give the number of sigma and pi bonds in each...Ch. 7 - In which of the following molecules does the...Ch. 7 - Consider the pyrosulfate ion, S2O72-. It has no...Ch. 7 - Consider acetyl salicylic acid, better known as...Ch. 7 - Complete the table on next page.Ch. 7 - Given the following electro negativities...Ch. 7 - Based on the concept of formal charge, what is the...Ch. 7 - Describe the geometry of the species in which...Ch. 7 - Consider the following molecules: SiH4, PH3, H2S....Ch. 7 - Prob. 75QAPCh. 7 - In each of the following molecules, a central atom...Ch. 7 - Prob. 77QAPCh. 7 - A compound of chlorine and fluorine, CIFx, reacts...Ch. 7 - Draw the Lewis structure and describe the geometry...Ch. 7 - Consider the polyatomic ion IO65-. How many pairs...Ch. 7 - It is possible to write a simple Lewis structure...Ch. 7 - Phosphoryl chloride, POCl3, has the skeleton...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Aspartame is a compound that is 200 times sweeter than sugar and is used extensively (under the trade name NutraSweet) in diet soft drinks. The skeleton structure of the atoms in aspartame is (a) Complete the Lewis structure and give the number of and bonds in aspartame. (b) What is the hybridization about each carbon atom that forms a double bond with an oxygen atom? (c) What is the hybridization about each nitrogen atom?arrow_forwardWhy is the concept of hybridization required in valence bond theory?arrow_forward7.57 What observation about molecules compels us to consider the hybridization of atomic orbitals?arrow_forward
- The structure of the visual pigment retinal is shown in (1). Label each atom with its state of hybridization and specify the composition of each of the different type of bond.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is INCORRECT? (1) In the hybridized state, mixing of the 2s orbitals with the 2px, 2py and/or 2pz orbitals can give sp, sp2 or sp3 hybrid orbitals. (2) A sp3 hybrid orbital is formed from one s-orbital and three p-orbitals to give a total of four orbitals. (3) There are no unhybrized orbitals when carbon is sp3 hybridized. (4) There are no unhybrized orbitals when carbon is sp2 hybridized.arrow_forwardFor each of the following molecules, draw the Lewis structure, predict the molecular shape using VSEPR method, and propose the orbital hybridization on the central atom of each molecule. (a) BeF2 (b) GeF2 (c) AsCl3 (d) BrCl3 (e) GeCl4 (f) SeCl4 (g) AsCls (h) BrF5 (i) SF, (j) XeF4arrow_forward
- Give the number and type of hybrid orbital that forms wheneach set of atomic orbitals mixes:(a) one p and one s(b) three p, one d, and one sarrow_forwardPlease answer these questions on your Page 3 (11) What is the hybridization of the central N atom in NO₂? N and O are in groups 5 and 6 and their atomic numbers are and 8. (12) What is the hybridization of the central I atom in IF? I and F are both in group 7 and their atomic numbers are 53 and 9. (13) What is the hybridization of the central Xe atom in XeO3? Xe and O are in groups 8 and 6 and their atomic numbers are 54 and 8. (14) There are how many o bonds and how many bonds in N3 (N.B. the molecule is not cyclic)? You must give the two correct values to get your point. N is in group 5 and its atomic number is 7. (15) Who proposed that energy is quantized?arrow_forwardComplete the following table by providing theVSEPR-name and hybridisation (sp, sp2 or sp3) ofthe atom indicated by the arrow.arrow_forward
- The orbital diagram that follows presents the final step in theformation of hybrid orbitals by a silicon atom. (a) Which ofthe following best describes what took place before the steppictured in the diagram: (i) Two 3p electrons became unpaired,(ii) An electron was promoted from the 2p orbital tothe 3s orbital, or (iii) An electron was promoted from the 3sorbital to the 3p orbital? (b) What type of hybrid orbital isproduced in this hybridization? [arrow_forwardThe orbital diagram that follows presents the final step in theformation of hybrid orbitals by a silicon atom. (a) Which ofthe following best describes what took place before the steppictured in the diagram: (i) Two 3p electrons became unpaired,(ii) An electron was promoted from the 2p orbital tothe 3s orbital, or (iii) An electron was promoted from the 3sorbital to the 3p orbital? (b) What type of hybrid orbital isproduced in this hybridization? [Section 9.5]arrow_forwardAzo dyes are organic dyes that are used for many applications,such as the coloring of fabrics. Many azo dyes arederivatives of the organic substance azobenzene, C12H10N2.A closely related substance is hydrazobenzene, C12H12N2.The Lewis structures of these two substances are given (Recall the shorthand notation used for benzene.)(a) What is the hybridization at the N atom in each of thesubstances? (b) How many unhybridized atomic orbitalsare there on the N and the C atoms in each of the substances?(c) Predict the N—N—C angles in each of thesubstances. (d) Azobenzene is said to have greater delocalizationof its π electrons than hydrazobenzene. Discussthis statement in light of your answers to (a) and (b). (e) Allthe atoms of azobenzene lie in one plane, whereas thoseof hydrazobenzene do not. Is this observation consistentwith the statement in part (d)? (f) Azobenzene is an intensered-orange color, whereas hydrazobenzene is nearly colorless.Which molecule would be a better one to use in…arrow_forward
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