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- The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals? Briefly explain your answer.Scientific studies have shown that the majority of human genetic differences worldwide exist within groups (or races) rather than between groups. True or false?Each cell of the human body contains 46 chromosomes. How many DNA molecules does this statement represent? How many different types of DNA molecules does it represent?
- The English language, based on 26 letters,can create an infinite variety of words, but how can an apparently complex genetic language such as DNA be based on just four nitrogen base “letters”?In 2011, the population of the world was estimated to be about 7 billion. How many people in the world could theoretically have the same DNA fingerprint?Why should the term DNA relative replace the more popular term blood relative when referring to human kinship?
- 33% Chargaff's Rule implies the percentage of adenine-thymine pairs and the percentage of cytosine-guanine pairs equals 100. What is the approximate percentage cytosine in the sample octopus DNA? * Organism %A %G %T %C Octopus 32.8 17.3 32.2 Rat 28.6 28.4 21.4 Human 29.1 20.7 20.3 20.5 29.3 20.5 Grasshopper O 21% 29% 17% 33% s and the Chargaff's Sign out & $ 8 9. @ 4 t r e f b O O O OIf 4% of human and chimpanzee DNA differs, how many base pairs differ between the two species? (Hint: The human genome contains 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA.) Is this a large or a small difference? Explain your reasoning.Consider the following estimates:(a) There are 7 x 109 humans living on this planet.(b) Each individual has about 20,000 (0.2 * 105) genes.(c) The average mutation rate at each locus is 10-5.How many spontaneous mutations are currently present inthe human population? Assuming that these mutations areequally distributed among all genes, how many new mutationshave arisen in each gene in the human population?
- When a DNA molecule is in water, each base pair releases a pair of hydrogen ions. As a result, the DNA molecule has a net charge. Since there are a lot of base pairs in a string of DNA, this can be a lot of charge! On the web, find a reliable site (and say why you think it is reliable) that tells you the number of base pairs in a typical human chromosome. (Not the Y chromosome!) To get a sense of the total amount of charge involved, imagine that you had two coiled up chromosomes, each with a charge of 2 extra electrons per base pair. Suppose you held them fixed in a vacuum one micrometer apart. For simplicity, model the chromosomes as point charges. Estimate the electric force that the two chromosomes exert on each other in this situation. Explain why this kind of electrostatic repulsion is not a problem when DNA is in its natural environment. You may take the Coulomb constant to be kC ~ 9 x 109 N-m2 /C2 .why the human dna is considered as a fibonacci sequence?The following are DNA sequences from two homologous genes: TTGCATAGGCATACCGTATGATATCGAAAACTAGAAAAATAGGGCGATAGCTA GTATGTTATCGAAAAGTAGCAAAATAGGGCGATAGCTACCCAGACTACCGGAT The two sequences, however, do not begin and end at the same location. Try to line them up according to their homologous regions.