If 4% of human and chimpanzee DNA differs, how many base pairs differ between the two species? (Hint: The human genome contains 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA.) Is this a large or a small difference? Explain your reasoning.
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If 4% of human and chimpanzee DNA differs, how many base pairs differ between the two species? (Hint: The human genome contains 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA.) Is this a large or a small difference? Explain your reasoning.
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- How many nucleotides does the human genome contain?The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals? Briefly explain your answer.A compact disc (CD) stores about 4.8 × 109 bits of information in a 96 cm2 area. This information is stored as a binary code—that is, every bit is either a 0 or a 1. how many bits would it take to specify each nucleotide pair in a DNA sequence? how many CDs would it take to store the information contained in the human genome?
- If DNA analysis of a gene shows it has 20% adenine (A), what percent of the other bases does it have? Cytosine (C): Guanine (G): Thymine (T): Uracil (U): 6. Now for a sense of size. Rank the following from smallest (1) to largest (6): gene, cell, chromosome, atom, nucleus, nucleotideE. How many nucleotides would be required to generate a polypeptide that is 15 amino acids long? This requires knowing how many nucleotides of DNA code for one amino acid. F. Assuming that there are between 20,000-25,000 genes in the human genome, do you think there are 1) fewer, 2) approximately the same number, or 3) more proteins in the human genome? Explain your answer.The human genome contains 3 billion nucleotides arranged in a vast array of sequences. What is the minimum length of a DNA sequence that will, in all probability, appear only once in the human genome? You need consider only one strand and may assume that all four nucleotides have the same probability of appearance.
- An analysis is performed to determine the proportions of each of the four nucleotide bases in the DNA of several tissue samples from various species. The results appear in the table. Human Chicken Yeast E. coli % Adenine % Guanine (A) (G) 31 20 28 21 32 18 26 25 % Thymine % Cytosine (T) 30 29 33 24 Which conclusions can be drawn from this data? (C) 19 22 17 25 The proportion of G is roughly equal to the proportion of C. The proportion of A is roughly equal to the proportion of T. The proportion of pyrimidines is roughly equal to the proportion of purines. The proportion of A-T base pairs is roughly equal to the proportion of G-C base pairs.Chargaff's Rule implies the percentage of adenine-thymine pairs and the percentage of cytosine-guanine pairs equals 100. What is the approximate percentage guanine in the sample rat DNA? * Organism %A %G %C Octopus 32.8 17.3 32.2 Rat 28.6 28.4 21.4 Human 29.1 20.7 20.3 Grasshopper 20.5 29.3 20.5 21% 29% 17% 33% Chargaff's Rule implies the percentage of adenine-thymine pairs and the percentage of cytosine-guanine pairs equals 100. What is the approximate SigWhen a DNA molecule is in water, each base pair releases a pair of hydrogen ions. As a result, the DNA molecule has a net charge. Since there are a lot of base pairs in a string of DNA, this can be a lot of charge! On the web, find a reliable site (and say why you think it is reliable) that tells you the number of base pairs in a typical human chromosome. (Not the Y chromosome!) To get a sense of the total amount of charge involved, imagine that you had two coiled up chromosomes, each with a charge of 2 extra electrons per base pair. Suppose you held them fixed in a vacuum one micrometer apart. For simplicity, model the chromosomes as point charges. Estimate the electric force that the two chromosomes exert on each other in this situation. Explain why this kind of electrostatic repulsion is not a problem when DNA is in its natural environment. You may take the Coulomb constant to be kC ~ 9 x 109 N-m2 /C2 .
- Pinker mentions that only 1% of the human genome codes for proteins (the rest included introns, regulatory sequences, and repetitive DNA, some of it parasitic—we will talk about this later). Given that the human genome contains 3 x 109 base-pairs of DNA, there are about 20,000 human genes, and three base pairs code for each amino acid in a protein, how many amino acids are in the average human protein? [Hint: start with what fraction of base pairs in the human genome code for proteins.]33% Chargaff's Rule implies the percentage of adenine-thymine pairs and the percentage of cytosine-guanine pairs equals 100. What is the approximate percentage cytosine in the sample octopus DNA? * Organism %A %G %T %C Octopus 32.8 17.3 32.2 Rat 28.6 28.4 21.4 Human 29.1 20.7 20.3 20.5 29.3 20.5 Grasshopper O 21% 29% 17% 33% s and the Chargaff's Sign out & $ 8 9. @ 4 t r e f b O O O OYour entire genome is about 6.4 billion basepairs long. If 41% of the human genome is either guanines or cytosines (know as the "GC" content), how many total adenines are in your genome? Keep in mind that the 6.4 billion basepairs refers to the length of the genome, but that DNA is double stranded.