The apical surfaces of hair cells are exposed to an unusual extracellular fluid called endolymph. Endolymph is relatively similar in ioniccomposition to cytoplasm:Select one:OOa. it is high in Na+ (-150 mM), low in K+b. It is high in K+ (250 mM), low in Na+c. it is high in K+ (150 mM), low in Na+d. It is high in Ca 2+ (-250 mM), low in Na+(-2 mM), and relatively low in Ca 2+ (100 μM).(-4 mM), and relatively low in Ca 2+ (150 µm).(2 mM), and relatively low in Ca 2+ (100 µm).(2 mM), and relatively low in K+ (150 M).

Endolymph is an extracellular fluid present in the inner ear. It is also known as Scarpa fluid. This…

Answered: The apical surfaces of hair cells are…

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter3: The Plasma Membrane And Membrane Potential

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2TAHL: Assume that a membrane permeable to Na+ but not to Cl- separates two solutions. The concentration of...

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One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?
Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.
What happens across the membrane of an electricallyactive cell is a dynamic process that is hard to visualizewith static images or through text descriptions. View thisanimation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/dynamic1) toreally understand the process. What is the differencebetween the driving force for Na+ and K+? And what issimilar about the movement of these two ions?
Adherens junctions link together adjacent cells in an epithelial sheet through the lateral associations of numerous cadherin molecules. On their cytosolic surfaces these junctions are tied to the actin networks of the neighboring cells (see the figure), giving them the remarkable ability to sense mechanical stresses and generate biochemical signals that lead to an appropriate response. Each of the following statements accurately describes a property of this process of mechanotransduction EXCEPT: plasma membrane p120-catenin B-catenin a-catenin actin filaments cadherin vinculin CYTOSOL Choose one: ⒸA. Inhibition of myosin leads to a compensating increase in the size of an adherens junction. OB. Adherens junctions respond to mechanical stress by balancing the forces on adjacent cells. ⒸC. Adherens junctions sense tension and change behavior in response to mechanical stresses. OD. Artificially increased contractile stress in a cell increases the size of an adherens junction.
Flippases help maintain membrane asymmetry. True False
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with lipid solubility similar to that of O2 and CO2. Endothelial cells lining arteries use NO to signal surrounding smooth muscle cells to relax, thereby increasing blood flow. What mechanism or mechanisms would transport NO from where it is produced in the cytoplasm of an endothelial cell into the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell, where it acts?
For most neurons, the extracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) is 108 mM, whilethe intracellular concentration of Cl- is 5 mM.If the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to Cl-, would there be Clinflux or Cl- efflux at an RMP of -70 mV? Why?
if an object b has a plasma sodium concentration of 135mOsm/L and an intracellular concentration of 4mOsm/L. It also has a plasma concentration of potassium of 20mOsm/L and an intracellular concentration of 200mOsm/L. studies identify that the cells have a permeability to potassium that is 10 times greater than sodium. What is the resting membrane potential
If sodium permeability were to increase compared to normal what would be the resulting effect on the membrane potential 1.The charge on the inside of the cell becomes less negative compared to resting conditions and hyperpolarizes 2.The charge on the inside of the cell becomes more negative compared to resting conditions and hyperpolarizes 3.The charge on the inside of the cell becomes less negative compared to resting conditions and depolarizes 4.The charge on the inside of the cell becomes more negative compared to resting conditions and depolarizes
Usually , rates of diffusion vary inversely with molecular weights; so smaller molecules diffuse faster than do larger ones. In cells, however, calcium ion diffuses more slowly than does cAMP. Propose a possible explanation.
Many cells in the human body maintain an electric potential difference across their cellular membranes, typically through the use ion-specific pumps and channels that generate an excess of negative charges on the inside of the cellular membrane and an excess of positive charges on the outside. Let us estimate the total energy stored in the human body by this type of charge separation.
Of the following cell membrane lipids, which one prefers to reside in the INNER leaflet (or inner half) of the membrane bilayer, AND is zwitterionic at physiological pH (7.4)? PS (phosphatidylserine) is inner-leaflet & zwitterionic PC (phosphatidylcholine) is inner-leaflet & zwitterionic 3 of these 4 responses are correct SM (sphingomyelin) is inner-leaflet & zwitterionic PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) is inner-leaflet & zwitterionic

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