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For most neurons, the extracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) is 108 mM, while
the intracellular concentration of Cl- is 5 mM.
If the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to Cl-, would there be Clinflux or Cl- efflux at an RMP of -70 mV? Why?
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- Chloride ions (Cl-) behave a bit differently to Na+ and K+ in that most cells don't have active Cl- transporters. As a result, the concentration gradient for Cl- is not 'set' like it is for Na+ and K+. There are, however, a limited number of Cl- leak channels in the cell membrane. As a result, Eci generally matches resting membrane potential - around - 70mV. Considering this, answer the following questions. If Cl- can cross the cell membrane, is not being actively transported, and membrane potential is -70mV, will there be a concentration gradient for Cl-?if an object b has a plasma sodium concentration of 135mOsm/L and an intracellular concentration of 4mOsm/L. It also has a plasma concentration of potassium of 20mOsm/L and an intracellular concentration of 200mOsm/L. studies identify that the cells have a permeability to potassium that is 10 times greater than sodium. What is the resting membrane potentialBelow find the structures for ibogaine and cocaine. Ibogaine and cocaine inhibit the dopamine active transporter (DAT). This transporter is a secondary active transporter, and depends on the primary active transporter Na+/K+ ATPase. Ibogaine had a Kι = 2 μM, and cocaine a Kι = 0.64 μM respectively. (a) Define secondary active transport. (b) Is ibogaine an effective treatment for cocaine based on DAT binding?
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). Membrane permeable only to Cl−.If you made a hematocrit in two tubes. Tube A is made of 0.60M NaCl, and Tube B is made of 1.00M of NaCl, describe how the cell would respond in these solutions? Which would have a higher rate of osmosis? If the cell is permeable to NaCl, which would have a higher rate of diffusion?The osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM. What would the osmolarity inside a red blood cell need to be to maintain osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular fluid and plasma? Give one specific reason why it is important to maintain plasma omolarity within a narrow range of values.
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 °C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.10 M on the “right side” and 0.01 M on the “left side”, given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (-). (a) Membrane permeable only to Na+ (b) Membrane permeable only to Cl– (c) Membrane equally permeable to both ionsIf Ecl=-70mV, and the membrane depolarises slightly to -60mV, how will Cl- behave?The diffusion coefficient for potassium ions crossing a biological membrane 10 nm thick is 1.0 x 10-11 m2/s. What flow rate of potassium ions will move across an area of 100 nm x 100 nm if the concentration difference across the membrane is 0.5 mol/dm3.
- Usually , rates of diffusion vary inversely with molecular weights; so smaller molecules diffuse faster than do larger ones. In cells, however, calcium ion diffuses more slowly than does cAMP. Propose a possible explanation.Ions like K+ cannot diffuse directly across the membrane. They need open ion channels to cross the membrane. Explain why.How does the Na+–K+pump exchange sodium ions forpotassium ions across the plasma membrane? What aresome purposes served by this pump?