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- 1. Select the INCORRECT statement about Glutamate dehydrogenase : a. Catalyzes the removal of NH4+ into glutamate b.Catalyzes the incorporation of NH*4 into a-ketoglutarate c. Catalyzes the removal of NH*4 from glutamate C d. Catalyzes the incorporation of NH'4 into a-keto acid1. Consider the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. a. What pathway(s) does this enzyme function in? b. What cofactor does this enzyme use? c. Why is this cofactor required? d. How is this enzyme regulated? e. How does regulation of this enzyme impact the pathway(s) it operates in? How does regulation of this enzyme impact other pathway(s) we have discussed?1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What factors likely indicate which route is used? Do the two routes have different requirements for cellular energy (e.g. ATP)? 2. Compare the export of glucose from hepatocytes to the import into hepatocytes. 3. Would you expect anaplerotic reactions to be active in the postprandial hepatocyte? Why?
- 1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.19. The activation of long chain fatty acids requires which of the following components? B. ATP and CoA E. Carnitine acyl transferase I and II C. ATP, COA and fatty acyl CoA A. ATP D. Fatty acyl carnitine 20. Which of the following statements best describes the B-oxidation of fatty acids? A. B-oxidation of fatty acids is an extra mitochondrial process. B. The enzymes present in the form of multienzyme complexes. C. One acetyl CoA is produced in each turn of the B-oxidation spiral. D. The intermediates are carried by Acyl carrier protein. E. 129 ATP are required for the formation of one mol of palmitic acid.26. These catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, e.g. pyruvate dehydrogenase, catalysing the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 27. These catalyze transferring of the chemical group from one to another compound. An example is a transaminase, which transfers an amino group from one molecule to another. a. oxidoreduUctases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 28. They catalyze the hydrolysis of a bond. For example, the enzyme pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 29. Catalyze the association of two molecules. For example, DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 30. It is the loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. a. reduction b. temperature C. substrate concentration d. oxidation
- 1. Under aerobic catabolism of glucose, in which compartment of the eukaryotic cell does the following reactions occur? a. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. b. Conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate c. Conversion of NADH to ATP d. Conversion of phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate 2. Describe various mechanisms for regulation of blood glucose. 3. Give an account of β – oxidation of saturated even carbon fatty acid (Palmitic acid) along with the total ATPs obtained.III. Match the item to each step in the Krebs Cycle. a. isocitrate f. oxaloacetate g. sulfur h. a-ketoglutarate i. fumarate j. ATP b. succinate C NAD d. malate e. succinyl-CoA 85. What molecule is formed when GTP is oxidized to form GDP? 86. What molecule is formed when FAD is reduced? 87. Which molecule must be reduced so that oxaloacetate is formed? IV. Match each compound to a step that of the Light-Dependent Reaction. a. P700 b. P680 . P680 d. ATP synthase e. PhotosystemI f. electron acceptor g. electron carrier h. chlorophyll II. i. NADPH reductase j. b. - f complex 88. Light photons excite electrons from this part of the Reaction Centre. 89. The enzyme that helps remove electrons from the thylakoid. 90. The enzyme that acts to form ATP with chemiosmosis. V. Match the enzyme or protein to the replication process. a. DNA polymerase l b. DNA polymerase I| . DNA polymerase III d. primase e. DNA ligase f. helicase g. single-strand-binding proteins h. topoisomerase Il 91. Unwinds helix…6. Succinate dehydrogenase couples the activity of the citric acid cycle with that of the electron transport chain. The reaction that succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes results in an a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compound, fumarate. A similar reaction is catalyzed during beta oxidation of fatty acids. A. Why is it that FADH₂ generated at succinate dehydrogenase can only power the production of 1.5 ATP per electron pair, in contrast with NADH, which can produce 2.5 ATP per electron pair? B. If the availability of oxidized coenzyme Q is limited in the cell, what is the impact of this limitation on the turnover of the citric acid cycle? C. Succinate dehydrogenase is particularly susceptible to running an off-pathway reaction where one electron leaks from FADH₂ or coenzyme Q to prematurely reduce O₂ and generate the superoxide radical O₂. Why is succinate dehydrogenase particularly prone to this issue? (Hint: note the chemistry of the cofactors involved)
- 1. What molecule are released in the formation of alpha- ketoglutarate into succinyl CoA? A. fad - fadh + h20 B. Fad- fadh C. Nadh+ co2 D. Acetl coa + co2 2.fad is reduced in which of the reaction of the krebs cycle? 3. How many nadh and fadh2 molecules are prodcues respectively during one turn of the citric acid cycle? 4. Acetyl coa is formed from pyruvate by ___ reaction. 5. What enzyme un the ETC is responsibke for generating the atp molecules?5. To control the damage that rats may cause in the buildings, fluoracetate (FA) is used. After entering a cell FA is converted into very toxic fluoroacetyl-CoA. The effect of FA was studied in the experiments on intact isolated rat hearts. It was found after perfusion with FA the rat hearts the concentrations of the TCA cycle metabolites were decreased. Only the level of citrate was significantly higher than in controls. a) describe the significance of the TCA cycle as the common catabolic pathway and explain why blocking of this cycle leads to the lethal effect of FA; b) indicate the reaction where the FA blocks the TCA cycle and the enzyme which is inhibited by FA; c) explain why concentration of citrate is increased.5. Which of the following is not a suitable starting compound for gluconeogenesis? A. Lactate B. Pyruvate C. Leucine D. Alanine E. Glycerol 6. What term is used to describe reactions that generate metabolic intermediates of a pathway? A. Amphibolic B. Anaplerotic C. Amphipathic D. Refilling 7. Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of glycogen metabolism is false? A. Glycogen synthase activity is dictated by its phosphorylation status. B. Glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited by ATP. C. Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown. D. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by AMP and glucose-6-phosphate. E. Glucagon signals that concentrations of blood glucose are low and leads to breakdown of glycogen.