P2.1,2 1. Given the following metabolic pathway of aspartate to pyruvate, all of which occurs/ 2in the mitochondria, calculate the maximum yield of ATP that can produced from the completeoxidation of aspartate to CO₂ in the muscle.aspartateoxaloacetate2.ōNAD+ NADHmalateÑNADH NAD+ñNAD+ NADHpyruvateThe production of sucrose in a plant requires one molecule of glucose and onemolecule of fructose. In order to form the glycosidic bond between the two monosaccharidesone molecule of ATP is required. (Glucose and fructose are easily interconverted by a processthat requires no energy--see the glycolysis figure for the interconversion of these twomonosaccharides).a) How many molecules of CO2, NADPH, and ATP are required for the production ofsucrose in sugarcane, a C4 plant?b) How many photons are required by PSII?c) How many molecules of oxygen are produced?d) How many protons are required to produce the necessary ATP if the chloroplast ATPsynthase has 14 c subunits? (If your answer is a fraction of a proton, round up to a wholenumber).

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Answered: 1. Given the following metabolic…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter21: Photosynthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5P: The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If...

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The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)
2. The overall result of CH,OH + 2 NAD+ + 2 NADH glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in which HO the glucose origins of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are color coded. Show by writing the reactions catalyzed by aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase and num- bering the carbons why this is the fate of glucose carbon atoms in pyruvate. Indicate numbering of carbons in Glucose-6-Pi, Fructose-1,6-BisPi, enzyme products, and pyruvate. HO + 2 Pi 2 + 2 ATP > OH + 2 ADP (CH3 + 2 H20 Glucose Pyruvate
2. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reaction Ο ()) 0 NADH + H* NAD+ C=0 HO-C-H CH₁t Pyruvate lactate dehydrogenase CHa L-Lactate AG 25.1 kJ/mol which represents one of the metabolic fates of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. The positioning of the sub-strate pyruvate in the active site of lactate dehydrogenase is shown on the right. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinu- cleotide) is a cofactor in the reaction and provides a hydride anion H (highlighted with light blue) through direct transfer to reduce the carbonyl group of pyruvate. (a) ( Gln 102 Arg109 NH2 NH Thr246 H₂C-C-OH HN NH H CHS H H H. His 195 NH Pyruvate N-(NADH) H H CH3 H HN H NH H₂C-C-CH₂ Пle250 Asp168 NH Arg171 ) Compare the mechanism of the LDH reaction, as implied by the diagram above, to that of a-chymotrypsin with respect to the oxyanion hole, conversion of the substrate carbonyl group having sp² hybridization to sp³ hybridization, the attacking nucleophile, and residues achoring the substrate in the active…
3. The overall result of CH OH + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in HO- which the glucose origins of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are color coded. Decide which gly- colytic reactions are responsible for the indicated distribution and HO- + 2 Pi 2 + 2 ATP Но OH + 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H2O Glucose Pyruvate conversion of glucose atoms into pyruvate atoms Start by numbering of carbons in Glucose-6-Pi and Fructose-1,6-BisPi.
Determine the ATP production of glucose catabolism by glycolysis and Krebs Cycle using the following information: 1. Glycolysis: Net 2 ATP, 2 NADH + H+2. Pyruvate --> acetyl CoA: Produces 2 NADH + H+/glucose3. Krebs Cycle --> 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + H+/glucose 2.5 ATP are produced/NADH + H+ delivered electron to the electron transport system1.5 ATP are produced/FADH2 delivered electron to the electron transport system
6. Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and represents the key control point in mammalian glycolysis. The enzyme is a homotetramer that is inhibited by ATP binding, activated by AMP binding, negatively regulated by phosphorylation, and competitively inhibited by 2,5-anhydro-D-glucotiol-1,6-diphosphate. (a) Would you expect a plot of the initial rate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formation as a function of substrate concentration to show a sigmoidal or hyperbolic curve in the absence of any regulators? (b) How would each of the regulators above affect the dynamics of the T state to R state equilibrium of phosphofructokinase? Briefly explain your reasoning. (c) If it were possible to isolate phosphofructokinase monomers in an active form, how would you expect the kinetics in (a) to be affected? How would the rate of the reaction be affected by ATP, AMP, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucotiol-1,6-diphosphate?…
2. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to Acetyl coA and enters the citric acid cycle. Per one (1) glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis and TCA cycle, complete the table below Equivalence in ATP Products from glycolysis 1. ATP 2. _NADH Pyruvate ATP: produced ATP АТР ATPS 3. ATPS produced АТР АТР Products from TCA Equivalence in ATP NADH 5. _FADH2 6. GTP 4. ATPS ATPS ATPS АТР TOTAL ATP Produced 7. ATP
1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.
2. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to Acetyl coA and enters the citric acid cycle. Per one (1) glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis and TCA cycle, complete the table below Equivalence in ATP Products from glycolysis 1. ATP 2. NADH 3. Pyruvate Products from TCA 4. NADH 5. FADH2 6. GTP TOTAL ATP Produced ATPS Equivalence in ATP ATPS ATPS ATPS ATPs produced ATP ATP = ATPs produced ATP ATP ATP 7._ATP
The net yield of one molecule of glucose completing glycolysis and the TCA cycle is .. O 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate O 2 GTP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 6 CO2 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 6 CO2 O 33 ATP + 6 CO2
The net yield of one molecule of glucose completing glycolysis and the TCA cycle is ... Group of answer choices 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 6 CO2 2 GTP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 6 CO2 33 ATP + 6 CO2 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate
Given the following question on the image identify the following:1. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis2. Total number of pyruvate molecules produces at the end of glycolysis3. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon pyruvate dehydrogenase complex4.Total number of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reactionConsider that the shuttle system is maltase-aspartate shuttle

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1. Given the following metabolic pathway of aspartate to pyruvate, all of which occurs in the mitochondria, calculate the maximum yield of ATP that can produced from the complete oxidation of aspartate to CO₂ in the muscle. J aspartate oxaloacetate NAD+ NADH malate NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH pyruvate