'. If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPS per mole through the cit- ric acid cycle, how many ATPS will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energy yield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would be derived from the metabolic oxidation of I mole of isoleucine to CO, H,0, and NH3? Of tyrosine?
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- Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acidcycle, how many ATPs will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energyyield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would bederived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO2, H2O,and NH3? Of tyrosine?1. Consider the oxidation of the fatty acid with the common name arachidic acid. a. Draw the structure of arachidic acid. b. How many turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is required for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid? c. How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of arachidic acid if the acetyl CoA produced go to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Assume 1 mole of NADH is equivalent to 3 moles ATP and 1 mole FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP. Show how you arrived at your answer
- If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPS per mole through the citric acid cycle, how many ATPS will be derived from the complete metabolic oxida- tion of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energy yield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would be derived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO, H,O, and NH3? Of tyrosine?Some bacteria use the citric acid cycle intermediate, α-ketoglutarate, plusacetyl-CoA, as the starting point for lysine biosynthesis. The first partof this biosynthetic pathway uses the same chemical strategy found inthe citric acid cycle. Propose a four-step pathway for the conversion ofα-ketoglutarate to 2-oxoadipate. Draw the three missing intermediates, andindicate the chemistry involved in each reaction. Include any cofactors thatyou think might be required for specific steps.Consider oleic acid (18:1∆9): 1. How many NADH will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 2. How many FADH2 will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 3. Total number of ATP produced from NADH in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport cost of the fatty acid)? 4. Total number of ATP produced from FADH2 in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport costs of the fatty acid)? Please provide how you got them.
- Calculate the number of ATPS generated from the metabolic oxi- dation of the four carbons of acetoacetyl-CoA to CO,. Now consider the homolog derived from oxidation of an odd-numbered carbon chain, namely propionoacetyl-CoA. Calculate the net ATP yield from oxidation of the five carbons of this compound to CO,.Some bacteria use the citric acid cycle intermediate, a-ketoglutarate, plus acetyl-CoA, as the starting point for lysine biosynthesis. The first part of this biosynthetic pathway uses the same chemical strategy found in the citric acid cycle. Propose a four-step pathway for the conversion of a-ketoglutarate to 2-oxoadipate. Draw the three missing intermediates, and indicate the chemistry involved in each reaction. Include any cofactors that you think might be required for specific steps.2. 'a) List the number of NADH and FADH2 equivalents formed and the corresponding number or ATP equivalents generated by mitochondrial oxidation of one molecule of CH3(CH2)12-COSCOA Number of NADH or Number of ATP Enzyme catalyzing the oxidation step FADH, formed ultimately formed B Oxidation Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Citric acid cycle Isocitrate dehydrogenase a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl-CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Total "These calculations assume that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation produces 1.5 ATP per FADH2 oxidized and 2.5 ATP per NADH oxidized. "GTP produced directly in this step yields ATP in the reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (p. 516). For all of the questions below, assume that respiratory activity of mitochondria is supported by CH3(CH2)12-COSCOA in the presence of excess ADP (+ P). (b) How many ATP equivalents will be generated in the presence of the inhibitor rotenone? Give a…
- Compare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?How detailed is the enzyme structure known below(It's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase )? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.Metabolizing a fatty acid via the B-oxidation pathway will generate acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH₂. Based on your biochemical knowledge, the major metabolic intermediate will enter cellular respiration in [Select] and the reduced coenzymes will enter cellular respiration in [Select] Could a mature red blood cell perform the ß-oxidation pathway? Yes, in their cytoplasm.Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing lignoceric acid residues (24:0). 1. For one mole of the fatty acid residue, determine the following: a. ATP yield obtained from the oxidation of acetyl CoA entering the TCA cycle and ETC I b. ATP yield obtained from NADH coming from the complete ß-oxidation of the fatty acid residue c. ATP yield obtained from FADH₂ coming from the complete ß-oxidation of the fatty acid residue d. net ATP yield of ATP in the complete oxidation of the fatty acid residue 2. What is the net ATP yield for the complete oxidation of all the fatty acid residues of the simple TAG? (Note: glycerol backbone is not included) REMINDER: Answer the following items using numerical value only (e.g. 1, not "1 ATP")