The first theory related to policy change is policy diffusion. Policy diffusion is the process that explains how and why policy innovations spread from one government to another. In the article The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion (Shipan and Volden 2008), the authors made it very clear that uncovering the various mechanisms of policy diffusion is crucial to understanding when the devolution of policy control to states and localities is desirable. They proceeded by explaining the following four mechanisms to explore the conditions under which each of the four mechanisms drove policy diffusion in regards to the spread of antismoking laws across the 675 largest U.S. cities between 1975 and 2000. The first mechanism was policy adoption based on learning which is when policy adoption in one area is more likely if the policy has been successful elsewhere and success can be related to (a) the goals that the policy is designed to achieve, (b) the challenges of its implementation, and/or (c) its political support (Shipan and Volden 2008). After that they explained policy adoption based on competition for resources, which can produce undesirable outcomes (Shipan and Volden 2008). This mechanism is sometimes called economic competition because in some cases, if not most, the policy makers thoroughly evaluate the economic or financial effects of adoption (Shipan and Volden 2008). The next mechanism introduced was policy adoption based on the imitation of other governments by simply
Deborah Stone begins her book, Policy Paradox, by stating, “a theory of policy politics must start with a simple model of political society, just as economics starts with a simple model of economic society.” Deborah Stone examines two policy-making models to describe the paradox’s of the process model for public policy. The two models include: the market (rational model) and the Polis (community) model. Stone states she contrasts these two models to “illuminate some ways the market model distorts political life.” As discussed in class, the market model follows five steps:
Chapter seven of Policy Paradox by Deborah Stone is about symbols in politics. The main components of this chapter include a description of what symbols are, symbolic devices, and ambiguity. Chapter two of The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander is about how the War on Drugs and how the War on Drugs has no limit. The main components of the chapter include how the police have little constraints when it comes to the War on Drugs, being labeled, and how people cannot defend themselves from the War on Drugs. Both chapters include the main theme of symbolism in the justice system.
Patient access to affordable health care is an ongoing issue in the United States. The first portion of the policy process involves three different stages, the formulation stage, legislative stage, and the implementation stage. Three main stages exist in the process to transform a topic into a policy (Morone, J. A., Litman, T. J., & Robins, L.S., 2008). Coupled with the implementation stage is an evaluation of all the stages to determine effectiveness and gather information for use in future public health care policy making. In the formulation stage, the ideas, concepts, and information steam from this process of policy making. The
In order to first start a policy process, the problem for which a policy is to be created must be identified and the policy holding a solution to the problem. Researchers and stakeholders will investigate the problem to identify if the policy will reach the policy making agenda. Policies must be to improve society’s health and wellbeing. In the United States (U.S.) public health related issues that require a formulation of a new policy and come from local, state, or federal legislations which ruling govern the provision of health care services and regulations. In this
In this assignment I am going to analyse how government policies are developed, covering all aspects of the policy making process.
In this paper we will discuss the final stages of how a topic becomes a policy. The paper will discuss formulation, implementation, and the legislation stage. These stages must be done in this order to ensure the policy is being formed the correct way and not scattered around. This paper will also consist of the evaluation stage, analysis stage, and revision stage and describe the purpose and methodologies process for evaluating and revising a public policy.
California's Proposition 13 had a big impact on American government and public policy because it put to vote the reduction of property taxes. This Proposition had a great impact as it swept the county and made headlines in newspapers around the world. People used this initiative process to gain a greater control over their lives. The California taxpayers stood up and said no more to excessive taxes because they were tired of out of control property taxes and losing their homes because they could not pay property taxes while the government did nothing to help them. This in turn hurt the schools, cities, counties and special districts. From this proposition, we have a few others like
In recent years our newspapers, televisions, and radios have been inundated with news stories about sexual offenders and sexual predators. Stories such as the kidnapping and murder of Polly Klass, Carlie Brucia, Amber Hagerman, and Jessica Lunsford have shocked the nation. Sex offenders and predators commit despicable acts; however, their acts seem more despicable when they are committed upon the most venerable members of our society, our children. Even with the new Jessica Lunsford legislation in Florida some citizens feel that it is not enough to keep their communities safe. Many cities are now looking at limiting the areas in which sex offenders and predators can live in hopes of protecting children. Many
In the United States, Veteran’s health care at an economical rate is a continuous debate. It is warranted that the health care should improve at a constant rate to uphold the health needs of veterans, new and old. Government has the veterans association (VA) and with all the help it has available for veterans there are still times when that care is not enough. There are so many individuals that are without health care because of one reason for another and it leaves many injured and hurt veterans without the care they need and deserve. Better access to health for veterans, men and women is important since many new problems such as PTSD have become better understood and need more focus and to be better
Stubborn to the misconceptions dealing with human trafficking acts does not demand any movement or smuggling the individual. While illegal immigrants are uncommonly liable for coercion for the fear of authority, trafficking shows the power to take advantage of other unprotected populations and grabs offensively documented individuals working in the United States and America citizens. Indeed, unprotected minors are given away for commercial sex which does not need coercion, fraud, or proof of force. The government has victoriously tried human trafficking acts in strip clubs, bars, escorts
It is important to understand the policy-making process especially for advocates who plan what type of input is needed in order to have an impact on the final policy. There are a few interesting factors between health policy and social policy. The Social policy deals more with the distribution and maintenance of economic solvency, as well as the provision of services such as housing and transport to specific target groups such as the poor. While in health policy the focus is more on in meeting the health needs of a specific population. In the same manner health insurance policies perhaps were
DC’s Mayor Muriel Bowser is calling upon us as a policy analysis team to evaluate the Homeward DC plan. This plan is a living document that is to be continually updated with informed and comprehensive analytical feedback to bridge the gaps within the strategic plan. Through the provision of our annual policy analysis Muriel Bowser is confident that resolving homelessness in the nation’s capital within the next four years is an achievable end.
The rational models of policy process are compromising a mechanical process in policy making. Theoretically, the models are helping managers of public sector to manage policy issues by using rigid components of procedure that likely use in laboratory. It means the administrators in public sector will follow some sequences, such as gathering important values that related with policy issue, examining the possible outcomes of policy issue by rating those important values that already established, and then he or she will try to make a decision on what is the best policy. The steps are continuing repeatedly in the same condition. The particular characteristics of the models are having valid data, reliable information and managers
An example of an effective method to utilize that influences public policy is civil disobedience. Let’s use the policy that imposed high taxation on tobacco and alcohol to demonstrate one’s ability to impact the government. First and foremost the policy is beneficial for the government because it generates revenue that is earned from the products, however the consequence is that it encourages illegal activity. There
Once the phenomenon is examined within a conceptual framework; I intend to go further with a methodological understanding and questioning of the mechanism in which immigration is modelled, measured, and intervened with the policies. In order to inquire this, the first emphasis goes on the link between theory and measurement; and then to the way the scientific process is translated into real world via policy-making. Thinking how numbers’ dependency on the subject matter (individuals) can easily turn to the dependency of individuals to the numbers just because policy matters for people; a proper understanding and measuring people and their environment as a whole appears to be essential. It can