Concept explainers
To review:
Definitions of the following terminologies:
(a) Transcription factor
(b) Response element
(c) Signal molecule
(d) RNA (ribonucleic acid) interference
(e) Ribosome
Introduction:
The process of transcription leads to the synthesis of RNA from DNA. The DNA double helix unwinds and one of the strands acts as a template. This process is carried out with the help oftranscription factors andinvolves DNA sequences termed as response factors. The mRNA formed gets translated into proteins with the help of cytosolic ribosomes. The process of regulation of gene expression involves transcription factors, responseelements, and signal molecules, which act to control the synthesis of gene products. RNA interference is also a mode of gene silencing.
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Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
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- A _____________________ is a multienzyme complex thatsynthesizes RNA primers during E. coli DNA replication.arrow_forwardA base change that has no discernible effect is called a____________________ mutation.arrow_forwardA metabolic pathway that functions in both anabolic andcatabolic processes is called an _____________________pathway.arrow_forward
- Question 2. Ribosomes are cellular structures that are composed of protein and RNA; this structure is responsible for catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids during a process known as translation. a) Many antibiotics that kill bacteria target translation. Why might this be an effective mechanism to kill bacteria? Why don't antibiotics also kill human (eukaryotic) ribosomes? b) The antibiotic Kasugamycin (KSG) destabilizes the P-site of the ribosome. Describe what parts of translation would be altered in the presence of this antibiotic. c) How does the following graph show the efficacy of translational knockdown with KSG? Met-Methionine C % of Met incorporation 100 80 60 40 20 0 + 0 2 4 6 8 KSG concentration (mg/ml) 10arrow_forwardQUESTION 8 Consider the pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid arginine in Neurospora: ARG-E → citrulline ARG-F ARG-H ornithine argininosuccinate arginine Mutant strains of Neurospora may carry one or more mutations. Neurospora mutant strain b is grown on minimal media plus supplements as shown. Growth is shown by (+) and no growth is shown by (o). Supplements ornithine mutant nothing citrulline arginino- succinate arginine strain What can you conclude from these data? O Strain a has only one mutation and it is in ARG-E. O Strain b has only one mutation and it is in ARG-H. O Strain a has a mutation in ARG-F and strain b has a mutation in ARG-E. O Strain b has mutations in ARG-E, ARG-F, and ARG-H. + +arrow_forward_____________ are the linear sequences of nucleotides in an organism’s genetic information.arrow_forward
- Proteins in/on target cells that bind messenger molecules and cause a response in the cells are called _________________.arrow_forwardIn _____________ heterogeneity, mutations in one of two or moredifferent genes can cause the same disease.arrow_forwardRNA that is not directly involved in polypeptide synthesis is called _____________.arrow_forward
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