Packets

Question: What is Circuit and Packet Switching? Also Write Pros and Cons of Packet & Circuit Switching. Answer: Circuit Switching: Circuit switching was the first early era technique used in communication networks because it is quite simple, easy and enough to carry analog signals. The main example of its use in the telephone system, but it is also used in the core network and the core of the internet in the form of SONET/SDH. In circuit switching, the transmission medium is mostly divided into

technique that enables the labeling of packets in such a way that facilitates network traffic and the tracking of that packet across different routers along a network. As a technique, moreover, it is differentiated from a specific service, so that in essence MPLS can be utilized in the delivery of different kinds of services, including virtual private networks on IP, Ethernet, and optics-based services. The fundamental idea is that information about a packet in a network is saved in a kind of tag

Abstract— Vehicular networks or VANET announce as the communication networks of the future, where the mobility is the main idea. These networks should be able to interconnect vehicles. The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer roads and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. They are therefore vulnerable to many types of attacks among them the black hole attack. In this attack, a malicious node disseminates spurious

simplicity of the approach over existing MPLS control plane and how more services can be supported with the new control-plane. Finally, The paper discusses how the introduction of a new map abstraction fits well with the unified control architecture for packet and circuit networks, making the new control-plane ideal for multi-layer networks. I. INTRODUCTION MPLS has evolved as a complex and efficient solution for ISPs for the purposes of traffic engineering and enterprise L2 and L3 VPN services, traffic

service must fulfil source end to destination end data packet transfer without packet loss. Data packets routed between a sender node (source) and a receiver node (destination) of a MANET often traverse along a path spanning multiple links, which is known as the multihop path. To accomplish availability and reliability network routing protocols should be prevailing compared to jamming attacks. The trustworthiness of distributing data packets from end to end using multi-hop intermediary nodes is a

The Web Application is used to view and interact with the smart agricultural system. The webpages are served from the Webserver and consist of HTML, CSS, JS, and JSON files. The HTML and CSS files are used for the webpages content and layout, the Javascript performs the webpages backend processing, and JSON is used for data. The Web Application performs most of its interaction with the Sensor Network through JSON files are passed between the Webserver and the Web Application. The JSON files contain

Software-Define Networking (SDN): SDN and Its Security Issues Sardar Ali alias shah Department of Computer Engineering Melbourne Institute of Technology Abstract - Nowadays, SDN is most emerging technology. It is one of the most promising area in which you easily depend on networking. It is going to virtualization to reality.SDN is basically separate the control plane and data plane physically. It is dynamically programmable that’s why they have more security issues if they have static programmable

the sender of a packet determines the complete sequence of nodes through which the packet has to pass. The sender lists this route in the packet’s header, to identify each forwarding “hop” by the address of the next node to which to transmit the packet on its way to the destination node There are two basic steps of DSR protocol: (i) Route discovery and (ii) Route maintenance. Every node in the network maintains a cache to store latest discovered paths. Before a node sends a packet, it first checks

r_hdr->ether_type)) { case ETHERTYPE_IP: assert(ethr_hdr); struct ip* ip_hdr=get_ip_hdr(packet); uint32_t dst_ip = ip_hdr->ip_dst.s_addr; uint32_t src_ip= ip_hdr->ip_src.s_addr; struct ip* ip_hdr1=get_ip_hdr(packet); uint32_t src2= ip_hdr1->ip_src.s_addr; struct sr_ethernet_hdr* ethr_hd1 = (struct sr_ethernet_hdr *) packet; if (sr->gateways[0].ip == 0) { sr->gateways[0].ip = src2; sr->gateways[0].iface = sr_get_interface(sr

A Real Time Leaky Bucket Based Admission Control Scheme for VoIP Networks Seminar Report Submitted By Arunima Goel Reg. No: 130907620 Section: B2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (A Constituent Institute of Manipal University) MANIPAL-576 104 August 2016 INDEX SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. Introduction 3 2. Leaky Bucket Algorithm 3 3. Call Admission Control(CAC) 4 4. The RLB-CAC Technique 4 5. Transforming LB into