EBK GET READY FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EBK GET READY FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321787989
Author: KARTY
Publisher: PEARSON CO
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Chapter D, Problem D.10YT
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In Figure D-8a and D-8b, every region of constructive interference and destructive interference between the HOMO and LUMO is to be labeled.

Concept introduction:

Molecular orbitals are constructed from the AOs of different atoms. When two atoms are brought close enough together (i.e., about a bond length apart), the AOs of one atom significantly overlap the AOs of the other atom, enabling them to undergo constructive and destructive interference, or mix, to produce new orbitals. When two orbitals overlap with the same phases, constructive interference takes place. When two orbitals overlap with the opposite phases, destructive interference takes place.  Constructive interference results in a new orbital that is more stable than the σ bonding orbital, and destructive interference results in a new orbital that is less stable than the ρ atomic orbital. Constructive interference predominantly takes place in both Figure D-8a and Figure D-8b.

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2. According to the Beer-Lambert law absorbance is proportional to concentration at each wavelength. In principle, one could choose any wavelength for quantitative estimations of concentration. However, we generally select the wavelength of maximum absorbance for a given sample and use it in our absorbance measurements. Especially, one should avoid the steep portions of the spectrum. Why? 3. Which concentration range a dilute or a concentrated one - is chosen for accurate determinations of unknown concentrations?
At each wavelength, the Beer-Lambert equation states that absorbance is proportional to concentration. For quantitative concentration estimations, any wavelength might theoretically be used. However, we usually choose the wavelength with the highest absorbance for a specific sample and utilize that in our absorbance measurements. The steeper parts of the spectrum should be avoided. Why?
Please answer the ii part only.
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