The standard enthalpy of formation of
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Chemical Principles
- How is the sign of q, heat, defined? How does it relate to the total energy of the system?arrow_forwardThe formation of aluminum oxide from its elements is highly exothermic. If 2.70 g Al metal is burned in pure O2 to give A12O3, calculate how much thermal energy is evolved in the process (at constant pressure).arrow_forwardCoal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for simplicity we may consider it to be a form of carbon. The energy that can be derived from a fuel is sometimes compared with the enthalpy of the combustion reaction: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction at 25C. Actually, only a fraction of the heat from this reaction is available to produce electric energy. In electric generating plants, this reaction is used to generate heat for a steam engine, which turns the generator. Basically the steam engine is a type of heat engine in which steam enters the engine at high temperature (Th), work is done, and the steam then exits at a lower temperature (Tl). The maximum fraction, f, of heat available to produce useful energy depends on the difference between these temperatures (expressed in kelvins), f = (Th Tl)/Th. What is the maximum heat energy available for useful work from the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g)? (Assume the value of H calculated at 25C for the heat obtained in the generator.) It is possible to consider more efficient ways to obtain useful energy from a fuel. For example, methane can be burned in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly. The maximum useful energy obtained in these cases is the maximum work, which equals the free-energy change. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g). Compare this value with the maximum obtained with the heat engine described here.arrow_forward
- When 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atm pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are formed with the evolution of 49.50 kJ of heat. a Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of butane. (Use enthalpy of formation data for H2O and CO2.) b Gf of butane is 17.2 kJ/mol. What is G for the combustion of 1 mol butane? c From a and b, calculate S for the combustion of 1 mol butane.arrow_forwardThe decomposition of ozone, O3, to oxygen, O2, is an exothermic reaction. What is the sign of q? If you were to touch a flask in which ozone is decomposing to oxygen, would you expect the flask to feel warm or cool?arrow_forwardAt 298 K, the standard enthalpies of formation for C2H2(g) and C6H6(l) are 227 kJ/mol and 49 kJ/mol, respectively. a. Calculate H for C6H6(l)3C2H2(g) b. Both acetylene (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) can be used as fuels. Which compound would liberate more energy per gram when combusted in air?arrow_forward
- The combustion of methane can be represented as follows: a. Use the information given above to determine the value of H for the combustion of methane to form CO2(g) and 2H2O(l). b. What is Hf for an element in its standard state? Why is this? Use the figure above to support your answer. c. How does H for the reaction CO2(g) + 2H2O (1) CH4(g) + O2(g) compare to that of the combustion of methane? Why is this?arrow_forward9.42 Why is enthalpy generally more useful than internal energy in the thermodynamics of real world systems?arrow_forwardWhen 1.000 g of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atmosphere pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are formed with the evolution of 19.18 kJ of heat. a Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of ethylene glycol. (It will be necessary to use data from Appendix C.) b Gf of ethylene glycol is 322.5 kJ/mol. What is G for the combustion of 1 mol ethylene glycol? c What is S for the combustion of 1 mol ethylene glycol?arrow_forward
- Would the amount of heat absorbed by the dissolution in Example 5.6 appear greater, lesser, or remain the same if the heat capacity of the calorimeter were taken into account? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardThere are millions of organic compounds known, and new ones are being discovered or made at a rate of morethan 100,000 compounds per year. Organic compoundsburn readily in air at high temperatures to form carbondioxide and water. Several classes of organic compoundsare listed, with a simple example of each. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion in O2ofeach of these compounds, and then use the data inAppendix J to show that each reaction is product-favoredat room temperature. From these results, it is reasonable to hypothesize thatallorganic compounds are thermodynamically unstable inan oxygen atmosphere (that is, their room-temperaturereaction with O2(g) to form CO2(g) and H2O() isproduct-favored). If this hypothesis is true, how canorganic compounds exist on Earth?arrow_forwardUse the data in Appendix G to calculate the standard entropy change for H2(g) + CuO(s) H2O() + Cu(s)arrow_forward
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