Loose-leaf Version for What is Life? A Guide to Biology
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781464172274
Author: Jay Phelan
Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Co
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Chapter 9, Problem 8MC
Summary Introduction
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Natural selection favors the kin of individuals who show altruistic actions that improves the survival of the kin.
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Classify each of the following descriptions as either a proximate or anultimate cause of behavior. For all proximate causes, speculate about apossible ultimate cause of the behavior. a. A surge of epinephrine initiates a flight response in a gazelle.b. Turtles use Earth’s magnetic field lines as guides during migration.c. A small mammal ignores low-energy food sources that are difficultto obtain, maximizing energy gain from foraging.d. A bird distracts a predator near its nest, increasing the nestlings’chance of survival.
When animals engage in , they oftenperform displays that make them look as large anddangerous as possible.a. courtshipb. altruismc. kin selectiond. aggression
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation?
A. flamingo's feathers turn pink after eating crustaceans.
B. A snowshoe hare turns white in the winter.
C. A robin builds a nest out of sticks and dry grass.
D. A Komodo dragon has a poisonous bite.
Chapter 9 Solutions
Loose-leaf Version for What is Life? A Guide to Biology
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- In Biology of Beauty, Cowley found that contemporaryfemales are attracted to males with broad foreheads and strong chins, and that this effect persisted across different cultures. How did Cowley explain this result? A. This is a trick question- this attraction is culturally relative B. Males compete for access to females by developing these features as a form of male-male competition C. There is no evidence that females really are differentially attracted to males with these features D. Attraction to males with these features is adaptive for females because males with these traits are usually sexually mature and have healthy immune systems E. Only some human cultures value these traits as attractive.arrow_forwardConventional signals are not costly because they often entail slight visible variations in only a small portion of the body, but they can be rendered honest through social reinforcement. Which example best demonstrates this case? A. Birds with large throat patches with poor fighting ability are attacked more often by dominant birds. B. Aggressive wasps with facial patterns indicating their fighting ability are less likely to be attacked. C. A dominant lion is able to evict younger chalengers from the pride. D. Female chimps will not mate with a male defeated in combat.arrow_forwardEven in the rodent world, parents can vary in their attentiveness to their offspring. If a new rat mom is given an infusion of oxytocin, what impact will this likely have on how she cares for her pups? a. She will begin to display aggressive behaviors toward them b. She will become less attached to them and start to neglect them c. She will become frightened of them and try to flee d. She will be more bonded to them and will take better care of them e. She will try to reproduce with themarrow_forward
- Which of the following is true of innate behaviors that are described as instincts? A. Instincts aren’t governed by genetics, while innate behaviors are, B. Instincts are governed by genetics, while innate behaviors are not, C. Instincts are sudden, situational behaviors, D. Instincts are complex series of innate behaviorsarrow_forwardEvolutionary biology What are 4 conditions in which natural selection favors altruistic behaviors in which the individual performs costly actions to benefit others?arrow_forward1. With "preprogrammed" innate behaviors, a sign stimulus is followed by a. a period of habituation b. a fixed-action response c. remembrance and adjustment (learning) d. integrated cognitive mapping 2. An ethologist is studying what factors contribute to mass spawning by coral. The ethologist is considering sea temperature, moon phases, and seasonal changes in ocean currents. This kind of study is particularly interested in what aspect of animal behavior? a. Ultimate causation b. Proximate causation c. Associative learning d. Operant conditioning 3. To a behavior ecologist, the term "taxis" refers to what? a. Random movements of animals; that is, movement not induced by stimuli b. The instinctive tendency of social animals to self-select into a hierarchy ("pecking order") c. Behavior modifications specific to circadian rhythms d. Purposeful movement of an animal either toward or away from a stimulus 4. Each of the following are directly involved or associated with animal migration…arrow_forward
- Fish produce a hormone called isotocin, a hormone that is similar to oxytocin in mammals. Both hormones, oxytocin and isotocin, have been linked to social behaviors including the suppression of social anxiety, trust, and attachment. Prior to this study, the relationship between isotocin in the bloodstream and the amount of aggression or submission individual cichlid fish display was unknown. The researchers hypothesized that isotocin would suppress aggressive behaviors in cichlids to promote social cohesion as these fish exist in large social groups (schools). To address this hypothesis, each of 10 fish were exposed to two treatments, 1 week apart. One at a time, a fish was randomly selected from the group of 10 and either injected with a saline solution (that served as the control) or with isotocin. After this injection, the fish was returned to its group and the amount of aggressive and submissive behaviors the fish demonstrated was recorded for the next 10 minutes. One week later…arrow_forwardFish produce a hormone called isotocin, a hormone that is similar to oxytocin in mammals. Both hormones, oxytocin and isotocin, have been linked to social behaviors including the suppression of social anxiety, trust, and attachment. Prior to this study, the relationship between isotocin in the bloodstream and the amount of aggression or submission individual cichlid fish display was unknown. The researchers hypothesized that isotocin would suppress aggressive behaviors in cichlids to promote social cohesion as these fish exist in large social groups (schools). To address this hypothesis, each of 10 fish were exposed to two treatments, 1 week apart. One at a time, a fish was randomly selected from the group of 10 and either injected with a saline solution (that served as the control) or with isotocin. After this injection, the fish was returned to its group and the amount of aggressive and submissive behaviors the fish demonstrated was recorded for the next 10 minutes. One week later…arrow_forwardThere are three chief ideas of the handicap principle: 1) Animals communicate with éach other throughn sigi must be honest, and 3) honest signals are expensive. Stotting behavior (up and down jumps gazelles exhibit when they spot a predator before the gazelle runs away) often results in the predator leaving before it attacks, presumably because the predator knows it won't easily catch that gazelle. This clearly is an example of the handicap principle based on the three ideas. True Falsearrow_forward
- Which of the following is not a type of social behavior? a. Cloning b. Spite c. Mutual benefit d. Altruismarrow_forwardAssume you are studying a lizard that is involved in males displaying to females and females choosing males to mate with. The females will raise the offspring by themselves. Which of the following benefits might females be receiving in this system? a. Direct benefits b. Indirect benefits c. Both a. and b. d. Neither a. nor b.arrow_forwardWhen a male lizard defends a certain area, he is exhibitinga. insight learning.b. kin selection.c. territoriality.d. altruism.arrow_forward
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