Give the expected hybridization of the central atom for the molecules or ions in Exercises 81 and 87 from Chapter 3.

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 9, Problem 27E

Give the expected hybridization of the central atom for the molecules or ions in Exercises 81 and 87 from Chapter 3.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 9, Problem 27E

Give the expected hybridization of the central atom for the molecules or ions in Exercises 81 and 87 from Chapter 3.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 9, Problem 27E

Give the expected hybridization of the central atom for the molecules or ions in Exercises 81 and 87 from Chapter 3.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 9, Problem 27E

Give the expected hybridization of the central atom for the molecules or ions in Exercises 81 and 87 from Chapter 3.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CCl4$ .

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CCl4$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=4+42=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Answer 15

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Expert Solution

Answer 20

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NCl3$ .

Answer 21

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Answer 22

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NCl3$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+32=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Answer 23

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 25

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 26

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 27

Expert Solution

Answer 28

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeCl2$ .

Answer 29

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp3$ hybridized.

Answer 30

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeCl2$ is selenium $(Se)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=6+22=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Answer 31

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 32

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 33

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 34

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 35

Expert Solution

Answer 36

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ .

Answer 37

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp3$ hybridized.

Answer 38

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $(I)$ . The electronic configuration of iodine is,

$1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104p45s25p5$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=7+12=4$

This means that the central atom shows $sp3$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

Answer 39

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 40

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 41

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Answer 42

(a-I)

Expert Solution

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Answer 44

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO2−$ .

Answer 45

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Answer 46

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO2−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Answer 47

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 48

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 49

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Answer 50

(a-II)

Expert Solution

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NO3−$ .

Answer 53

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is $sp2$ hybridized.

Answer 54

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NO3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2$

Where,

$X$ is number of electron pairs.
$V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
$M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
$C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

$X=V+M±C2X=5+12=3$

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Answer 55

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the hybridization of the central atom present.

Answer 56

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

Answer 57

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Answer 58

(a-III)

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N2O4$ .

Answer 61

Answer to Problem 27E

The given compound is

$sp2$ hybridized.

Answer 62

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N2O4$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one. Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$ . This corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

Answer 63

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 3 corresponds to the $sp2$ hybridization.

Answer 64

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Answer 65

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Answer 66

(b-I)

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OCN−$ .

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OCN−$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Answer 71

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Answer 72

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Answer 73

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Answer 74

(b-II)

Expert Solution

Answer 75

Expert Solution

Answer 76

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SCN−$ .

Answer 77

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Answer 78

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SCN-$ is carbon $(C)$ . The electronic configuration of carbon is,

$1s22s22p2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 3

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Answer 79

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number 2 corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Answer 80

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

Answer 81

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Answer 82

(b-III)

Expert Solution

Answer 83

Expert Solution

Answer 84

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The expected hybridization of the central atom for the given species is to be determined.

Concept introduction: The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

The central atom is identified.
Its valence electrons are determined.
$1e−$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N3−$ .

Answer 85

Answer to Problem 27E

Answer The given compound is $sp$ hybridized.

Answer 86

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N3−$ is nitrogen $(N)$ . The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

$1s22s22p3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Bundle: Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version, 10th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 months) Printed Access Card, Chapter 9, Problem 27E , additional homework tip 4

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$ . This corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $sp$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

Answer 87

Conclusion

The geometry of a given compound can be predicted using the steric number value for the atom. The steric number $2$ corresponds to the $sp$ hybridization.