Microbiology: An Introduction
Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
bartleby

Concept explainers

bartleby

Videos

Textbook Question
Book Icon
Chapter 9, Problem 1R

Compare and contrast the following terms:

  1. a. cDNA and gene
  2. b. restriction fragment and gene
  3. c. DNA probe and gene
  4. d. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
  5. e. rDNA and cDNA
  6. f. genome and proteome
Expert Solution & Answer
Check Mark
Summary Introduction

To review:

The similarities and differences between the given terms: cDNA and gene, RFLP and gene, DNA probe and gene, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase, rDNA and cDNA, genome and proteome.

Introduction:

A genome represents the entire set of genetic material of an organism. It is stored in chromosomes and contains all the information required for growth and the survival of that organism. Genes are DNA that contain instructions either for coding a specific protein or to perform a specific function. Eukaryotic genes consist of two parts, namely exon (coding regions) and intron (non-coding regions). The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA (transcription) and RNA to protein (translation) is known as the central dogma of molecular biology. Messenger RNA, a single stranded nucleotide sequence, is called as the sense strand since it is the code of a product (protein). A complete set of proteins coded by an organism’s genome is referred to as proteome.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation:

S.NO.TERMSSIMILARITIESDIFFERENCES
a.cDNA DNADNA synthesized from mature mRNA (reverse transcriptase enzyme)
GeneDNA that codes for a specific protein or function
b.RFLP DNADigested fragments of DNA (restriction enzyme)
GeneDNA that codes for a specific protein or function
c.DNA probe DNAShort stretches of labelled DNA to identify clones
GeneDNA that codes for a specific protein or function
d.DNA polymerase EnzymeEnzyme which catalyzes the DNA synthesis
DNA ligaseEnzyme that links the backbone of DNA strands
e.rDNA DNADNA made by joining DNA molecules from different sources
cDNADNA synthesized from mature mRNA (reverse transcriptase enzyme)
f.GenomeEntire set of genetic material of an organism
ProteomeComplete protein set expressed by a genome

Explanation:

  1. a. cDNA and Gene

Synthesis of DNA from a mature mRNA strand is catalysed by reverse transcriptase enzyme. The DNA synthesized is referred to as complementary DNA (cDNA).

DNA that contains instructions either for coding a specific protein or to perform a specific function is known as a gene.

  1. b. RFLP and Gene

Using restriction enzymes, DNA under study can be digested into thousands of pieces of different sizes. These fragments of DNA are referred to as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

DNA that contains instructions either for coding a specific protein or to perform a specific function is known as a gene.

  1. c. DNA probe and Gene

In the laboratory, genes which confer an interested phenotype (enzyme or drug-resistance) can be isolated and integrated into a vector. These recombinant vectors taken up by a cell (bacterial or eukaryotic cells) can be grown in an ideal medium to produce many genetically identical copies of the gene. Clone refers to the production of identical cells carrying a desired plasmid. Short stretches of labelled DNA (single-stranded) that are complementary to the gene of interest are synthesized. They are referred to as DNA probes and are used in the identification of clones. On finding the appropriate match, DNA probes bind to the target gene. In order to facilitate detection, such DNA probes are labelled with epitopes, fluorophores or radioisotopes.

DNA that contains instructions either for coding a specific protein or to perform a specific function is known as a gene.

  1. d. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

DNA polymerase is an enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using four deoxyribonucleotides (building blocks of DNA).

DNA ligase is an enzyme which facilitates the ligation of DNA strands (joining two fragments of nucleic acid). It catalyses the formation of two covalent phosphodiester bonds between the 5′ phosphate end of one nucleotide and 3′ hydroxyl end of another.

  1. e. rDNA and cDNA

In recombinant DNA technology, genes which confer an interested phenotype (drug-resistant genes) can be isolated and integrated into a vector. Such vectors, DNA molecule, act as a vehicle and aid in the transfer of foreign genes into another cell (bacterial or eukaryotic cell). DNA molecules, artificially modified in laboratory conditions that carry desired genes isolated from different organisms, are referred to as recombinant DNA (rDNA).

The synthesis of DNA from a mature mRNA is catalysed by reverse transcriptase enzyme. The DNA synthesized is referred to as complementary DNA (cDNA).

  1. f. Genome and proteome

Genome represents the entire set of genetic materials of an organism. Complete set of proteins coded by an organism’s genome is referred to as proteome.

Conclusion

The similarities and differences between cDNA and gene, RFLP and gene, DNA probe and gene, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase, rDNA and cDNA, genome and proteome are described.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
A has been assembled by researchers and transplanted into a donor bacterial strain to study never before seen gene functions. Select one: a. Transgenic genome b. Recombinant DNA sequence c. Knockdown gene d. Synthetic genome o e. Recombinant plasmid Clear my choice is changing our Sequencing the human genome, the development of microarray technology, and understanding of complex diseases like cancer. They help us to observe the gene expression patterns in genetic disease by comparing the healthy tissue of individuals against the disease state of others. Select one: C a. Proteomics o b. Metagenomics MO C. Functional genomics d. Personal genomics O e. Developmental genomics Clear my choice
Define the following terms:a. hypochromic effectb. DNA denaturationc. restriction endonucleasesd. DNA hybridizatione. Southern blotting
For each situation, write the letter of the technique that would be most helpful; A. DNA editing A doctor wants to know if a patient has an inherited using CRISPR B. DNA replication using PCR C. DNA analysis through genetic testing D. DNA insertion 16. disorder. I A scientist needs many copies of a gene to conduct an 17. experiment. A genetic engineer wants to replace a defective copy of a gene with a functional copy in a chromosome. 18. into bacteria as a plasmid A medical researcher needs many copies of a protein 19. (insulin) to be produced to use in a medical treatment. A researcher crossed two purebred shrubs of the same species. One produces a fruit with a thin skin, and one produces a fruit with a thick skin. All of the plants resulting from the cross produce fruits with thick skins. Enter one letter in each blanks (19 & 20) to correctly complete the sentences. ninate Education TM, Inc.
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Biology
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
  • Text book image
    Concepts of Biology
    Biology
    ISBN:9781938168116
    Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise
    Publisher:OpenStax College
Text book image
Concepts of Biology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168116
Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise
Publisher:OpenStax College
Molecular Techniques: Basic Concepts; Author: Dr. A's Clinical Lab Videos;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HFHZy8h6z0;License: Standard Youtube License