Concept explainers
Introduction:
The overall ability of an organism to fight off foreign disease-causing organisms is known as immunity. It is of two types, including innate and the acquired immunity. Innate immunity is the nonspecific type of defense, providing barriers for foreign agents that may enter the organism. In humans, innate immunity consists of skin, mucous coating the epithelium lining of the urogenital, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, cytokine barriers, and acid in the stomach, natural killer T-cells, macrophages, and the complement system.
Acquired immunity is the pathogen-specific type of defense. Whenever the human body encounters a pathogen for the first time, a primary response is generated, which is of low intensity as no past memory of this pathogen exists. The primary response also generates memory cells so as to counter the pathogen better in case of future invasion. This secondary response is of high intensity. Both of these responses are carried out by B and T lymphocytes. In response to the antigens, the B cells produce antibodies and the T cells help them. Acquired immunity mediated by antibodies is known as a humoral response. The cell-mediated response is the other type of response, governed by the T-cells.
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Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
- Match the immunity concept with the best description. ___anaphylactic shock a. recognizes antigen ___immune memory b. inadequate immune response ___autoimmunity c general defense mechanism ___inflammation d. immune response against ones own body ___immune deficiency e. secondary response ___antigen receptor f. acute allergic reaction ___antigen processing g. presenting antigen together with MHC markersarrow_forwardAny aspect of the immune system can be deficient. Which of the following deficiencies would primarily affect the BARRIER function of immunity? Group of answer choices A. Complement Deficiencies, in which a variety of complement proteins do not function properly B. DiGeorge Syndrome, in which the thymus does not develop properly C. Selective IgA deficiency, in which IgA antibodies are produced in very low amounts D. Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID), in which all T and B cell functions are absentarrow_forwardHumoral immunity is the part of the adaptive immune system involving: A.cytotoxic T cells killing infected host cells B.neutrophils eating bacteria C.B cells making antibodies to target the invading pathogen D.Your skin cells protecting you from infection with the acidic pH on the surfacearrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Lymphatic vessels and veins have valves B. All Lymphocytes are part of our Non-specific immune defenses C. Chicken pox vaccines involve the injection of antibodies D. Spleens are lymph nodes which drain lymph fluid back to the blood circulation What do complement proteins, inflammation and fever have in common? A. All are part of the specific defenses mechanisms of the immune system (also called adaptive immunity) B. All are processes that occur in lymph nodes C. All occur as part of the non-specific defenses D. All occur as a direct result of antigen processing in an antigen processing cellarrow_forwardMary contracted measles when she was six years old. She was very sick for several weeks, but eventually recovered. Years later , Mary’s daughter contracted measles, and Mary did not get sick which type of immunity to Mary Aquire? A. Passive naturally acquired B active naturally acquired C.  Active artificially acquired. D.  Passive artificially acquired.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best characterizes interferons? A. Interferons are a nonspecific defense used to respond to viruses. B. Interferons are part of the humoral immune response against viruses. C. Interferons are part of the humoral immune response against bacteria. D. Interferons are a nonspecific defense used to respond to bacteria.arrow_forward
- Considering the mechanisms of innate immunity, which of the following pairs is accurately matched? Select one: a. Neutrophils – increase in number in response to bacterial infections b. Complement – slow the spread of viral infections c. Interferons – assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens d. Eosinophil – recognize abnormal cells, such as cancer cellsarrow_forwardIndicate whether the following questions are true (T) or false (F). a. Secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. b. On secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. c. Only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. d. If an individual acquires a second cold in the same season it will most probably be caused by a different type of cold virus. e. Plasma cells generated in a secondary immune response have longer life-spans than those made during a primary immune response. f. During a primary immune response, only memory B cells are generated.arrow_forwardAn essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, whereas an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses to autoimmune diseases. Which of these is not an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system?a. Multiple sclerosisb. Huntington diseasec. Systemic lupusd. Fibromylagiaarrow_forward
- Concerning the adaptive immunity, which of the following statements is CORRECT: a. The adaptive immune response occurs very rapidly b. The adaptive immune response leads to us remembering antigens c. The adaptive immune response occurs mainly in the thymus d. The adaptive immune response is mostly dependent on antibodies e. The adaptive immune response is mostly dependent on the complement cascade 46) Concerning acute inflammation, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: a. localised redness occurs because of hyperaemia b. localised heat occurs because of increased bloodflow c. Release of bradykinins and other inflammatory mediators causes localised paind. swelling occurs because capillary permeability is reduced, preventing plasma recirculatione. Inflammatory chemicals at the site of inflammation act as chemotactic agentsarrow_forwardCHAPTER 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Matching SECTION 3 Revie w Match each lettered term with the most closely related description. a. opsonization 1 b. helper T cells Two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains Found on helper T cells C. antibody d. class II MHC 3 Active and passive 4 Transfer of antibodies e. costimulation Attacked by HIV f. IgM 6 Enhances phagocytosis g. class I MHC h. IgG 7 MHC proteins present in the plasma membranes of all nucleated cells i. passive immunity j. anaphylaxis 8 Differentiate into memory and plasma cells 9 MHC proteins present in the plasma membranes of all APCS and lymphocytes 9 k. CD4 markers 10 I. acquired immunity 10 Antibodies used to determine blood type 11 m. B lymphocytes 11 Secondary binding process required for T cell activation 12 12 Accounts for 80 percent of all immunoglobulins 13 13 Circulating allergen stimulates mast cells throughout body Match each lettered term with thearrow_forwardType of specific resistance that has been introduced to the body is already antibodies that provide immediate protection against microorganism. Choose the correct answer: A. Natural immunity B. Active immunization C. Acquired immunity D. Passive immunizationarrow_forward
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College