Horizons: Exploring the Universe (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305960961
Author: Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 9, Problem 10RQ
To determine
(a)
The evidence that a star formation occurred recently
To determine
(b)
The evidence that the protostars really exist.
To determine
(c)
The evidence that the Orion region is actively forming stars.
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For each problem, use the following values:
c = 3x108 m/s
mass of the sun = 1.989 x 1030 kg
luminosity of the sun = 3.828 x 1026 W
1 AU = 1.496 x 1011 m
1 pc = 3.262 light years = 3.086 x 1016 m
1 year=3.154x107 seconds
Critical density of our Universe (expressed as a mass density): Pcrit =8.7 x 10-27 kg m-³
Critical energy density of our Universe: Ecrit = Pcrit c²
G=6.674 × 10-11 m³.kg-1.s-2
1 eV = 1.60218 x10-19.
Boltzmann constant: kg = 1.381 x 10-23 JK-18.617 × 10-5eV K-1
energy density constant (in Stefan Boltzmann Law): a = 7.566 x 10-16 Jm-3 K-4 -4.7 x 10-³ MeV m-3 K-4
Constant in Wein displacement law: b = 2.898 x 10-3 m K
baryon-to-photon ratio, n = 6 x 10-10
Use the following formula (fitted to data)
M = -4x10-13n
gR
Mo/year
for the mass loss of asymptotic giant branch stars to:
a) explain why L, g (gravity on surface), and R enter the equation the way they do (nominator
or denominator).
b) show that the expression for M is equivalent to
LR
M = -4x10-13n
Mo/year
M
c) estimate the mass loss rate of a star with M = 1 Mo, L = 7000 Lo, T = 3000 K. Assume
n = 1 and use the Stefan-Boltzmann equation to calculate R (in Ro).
How many years? Thank you!
Chapter 9 Solutions
Horizons: Exploring the Universe (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1RQCh. 9 - Why evidence can you cite that the interstellar...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3RQCh. 9 - Prob. 4RQCh. 9 - Prob. 5RQCh. 9 - Prob. 6RQCh. 9 - Prob. 7RQCh. 9 - Prob. 8RQCh. 9 - Prob. 9RQCh. 9 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 9 - Prob. 11RQCh. 9 - Prob. 12RQCh. 9 - How does the CNO cycle differ from the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 14RQCh. 9 - Step-by-step, explain how energy flows from the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 16RQCh. 9 - Prob. 17RQCh. 9 - Prob. 18RQCh. 9 - Prob. 19RQCh. 9 - Prob. 20RQCh. 9 - Prob. 1DQCh. 9 - What is your favorite home-cooked meal? In terms...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3DQCh. 9 - How does hydrostatic equilibrium relate to hot-air...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1PCh. 9 - Prob. 2PCh. 9 - Prob. 3PCh. 9 - Prob. 4PCh. 9 - Prob. 5PCh. 9 - Prob. 6PCh. 9 - Prob. 7PCh. 9 - Prob. 8PCh. 9 - Prob. 9PCh. 9 - Prob. 10PCh. 9 - If a protostellar disk is 200 AU in radius and the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 12PCh. 9 - Prob. 13PCh. 9 - Prob. 14PCh. 9 - H much energy is produced when the CNO cycle...Ch. 9 - Prob. 16PCh. 9 - Prob. 1LTLCh. 9 - Prob. 2LTL
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- using the center-of-mass equations or the Carter of Mass Calculator (under Binary-Star Basics, abova), you will investigate a specific binary star system. Assume that Star 1 has m, 3.2 solar masses, Star 2 has m,-0.9 solar masses, and the total separation of the two (R) is 34 All (One AU is Earth's average distance from the Sun) (2) What is the distance, d. (In Au) from Star 1 to the center of mass? AU (b) What is the distance, dy On Au) from Star 2 to the center of mass AU ( what is the ratio of d, tod?arrow_forwardWhat evidence is there that star formation has occurred recently?arrow_forward12.1 In a certain part of the North American Nebula, the amount of interstellar extinction in the visual wavelength band is 1.1 magnitudes. The thickness of the nebula is estimated to be 20 pc, and it is located 700 pc from Earth. Suppose that a B spectral class main-sequence star is observed in the direction of the nebula and that the absolute visual magnitude of the star is known to be My = -1.1 from spectroscopic data. Neglect any other sources of extinction between the observer and the nebula. (a) Find the apparent visual magnitude of the star if it is lying just in front of the nebula. (b) Find the apparent visual magnitude of the star if it is lying just behind the nebula. Problems 443 (c) Without taking the existence of the nebula into consideration, based on its apparent mag- nitude, how far away does the star in part (b) appear to be? What would be the percentage error in determining the distance if interstellar extinction were neglected?arrow_forward
- Place the following events in the formation of stars in the proper chronological sequence, with the oldest first and the youngest last. w. the gas and dust in the nebula flatten to a disk shape due to gravity and a steadily increasing rate of angular rotation x. a star emerges when the mass is great enough and the temperature is high enough to trigger thermonuclear fusion in the core y. the rotation of the nebular cloud increases as gas and dust concentrates by gravity within the growing protostar in the center z. some force, perhaps from a nearby supernova, imparts a rotation to a nebular cloud y, then z, then w, then x z, then y, then w, then x w, then y, then z, then x z, then x, then w, then y x, then z, then y, then w MacBook Air on .H. O O O Oarrow_forwardThe Hydra super cluster is at a distance of about 800 MParsec. What is the recessional velocity?arrow_forwardWe observe a star that is dstar away. How much extinction would there need to be (i.e., what must tau(τ) be) if we had ignored intervening dust, and concluded that it was actually 2*dstar away? Value: dstar = 850 pcarrow_forward
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