Mathematics for the Trades: A Guided Approach (11th Edition) (What's New in Trade Math)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134756967
Author: Hal Saunders, Robert Carman
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 8, Problem 9BPS
To determine
The area of the shaded region and the outside perimeter.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Select the best statement.
A. If a set of vectors includes the zero vector 0, then the set of vectors can span R^ as long as the other vectors
are distinct.
n
B. If a set of vectors includes the zero vector 0, then the set of vectors spans R precisely when the set with 0
excluded spans Rª.
○ C. If a set of vectors includes the zero vector 0, then the set of vectors can span Rn as long as it contains n
vectors.
○ D. If a set of vectors includes the zero vector 0, then there is no reasonable way to determine if the set of vectors
spans Rn.
E. If a set of vectors includes the zero vector 0, then the set of vectors cannot span Rn.
F. none of the above
Assume {u1, U2, u3, u4} does not span R³.
Select the best statement.
A. {u1, U2, u3} spans R³ if u̸4 is a linear combination of other vectors in the set.
B. We do not have sufficient information to determine whether {u₁, u2, u3} spans R³.
C. {U1, U2, u3} spans R³ if u̸4 is a scalar multiple of another vector in the set.
D. {u1, U2, u3} cannot span R³.
E. {U1, U2, u3} spans R³ if u̸4 is the zero vector.
F. none of the above
Which of the following sets of vectors are linearly independent? (Check the boxes for linearly independent sets.)
☐ A.
{
7
4
3
13
-9
8
-17
7
☐ B.
0
-8
3
☐ C.
0
☐
D.
-5
☐ E.
3
☐ F.
4
TH
Chapter 8 Solutions
Mathematics for the Trades: A Guided Approach (11th Edition) (What's New in Trade Math)
Ch. 8.1 - What fraction of a circle is this?Ch. 8.1 - Which of these angles measures closest to 45...Ch. 8.1 - A. Solve the following. If you need a protractor,...Ch. 8.1 - Use the geometry relationships to answer the...Ch. 8.1 - Use the geometry relationships to answer the...Ch. 8.1 - In each figure, two parallel lines are cut by a...Ch. 8.1 - Machine Trades A machinist receives a sketch of a...Ch. 8.1 - Carpentry A carpenter wishes to make a...Ch. 8.1 - Carpentry A carpenters square is placed over a...Ch. 8.1 - Carpentry Board 1 must be joined to board 2 at a...
Ch. 8.1 - Welding In the pipe flange shown, the six bolt...Ch. 8.2 - Which of these are rectangles? (a) (1) only (b)...Ch. 8.2 - In question 1, what is the perimeter of figure...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter of each polygon.Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Round...Ch. 8.2 - Masonry How many bricks will it take to build the...Ch. 8.2 - Carpentry How many square feet of wood are needed...Ch. 8.2 - Flooring and Carpeting The floor plan of a room is...Ch. 8.2 - Construction The amount of horizontal wood siding...Ch. 8.2 - Flooring and Carpeting How many bundles of strip...Ch. 8.2 - Construction A large rectangular window opening...Ch. 8.2 - Masonry Find the area of one stretcher course of...Ch. 8.2 - Masonry To determine the approximate number of...Ch. 8.2 - Automotive Trades A roll of gasket material is...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 10CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 11CECh. 8.2 - Printing A ream of 17-in. by 22-in. paper weighs...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 13CECh. 8.2 - HVAC To determine the size of a heating system...Ch. 8.2 - Construction A playground basketball court 94 ft...Ch. 8.2 - Landscaping At 6.75 per square foot, plus a 60...Ch. 8.2 - Agriculture Fertilizer must be applied to the...Ch. 8.2 - Agriculture In problem 17, the plot of land must...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 19CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 20CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 21CECh. 8.2 - Flooring and Carpeting When expressed in U.S....Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 23CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 24CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 25CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 26CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 27CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 28CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 29CECh. 8.2 - Prob. 30CECh. 8.3 - How many sides does a hexagon have?Ch. 8.3 - Which of these appears to be a right triangle?Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 5AECh. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 7AECh. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 9AECh. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 11AECh. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 13AECh. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 16AECh. 8.3 - Prob. 17AECh. 8.3 - Prob. 18AECh. 8.3 - Prob. 19AECh. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Find the missing dimensions of each figure shown....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 1BECh. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 3BECh. 8.3 - Prob. 4BECh. 8.3 - Prob. 5BECh. 8.3 - Prob. 6BECh. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 9BECh. 8.3 - Prob. 10BECh. 8.3 - Prob. 11BECh. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 18BECh. 8.3 - Prob. 19BECh. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 23BECh. 8.3 - Find the area of each figure. All hexagons are...Ch. 8.3 - C. Practical Applications 1. Painting At 460 sq ft...Ch. 8.3 - Sheet Metal Trades A four-sided vent connection...Ch. 8.3 - Roofing The aerial view of a roof is shown in the...Ch. 8.3 - Roofing In problem 3, how many feet of gutters are...Ch. 8.3 - Carpentry Allowing for a 3-ft overhang, how long a...Ch. 8.3 - Metalworking A cut is to be made in a piece of...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 7CECh. 8.3 - Construction Find the area of the gable end of the...Ch. 8.3 - Construction Find the missing dimensions x and y...Ch. 8.3 - Welding The steel gusset shown is made in the...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 11CECh. 8.3 - C. Practical Applications 12. Construction A...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 13CECh. 8.3 - C. Practical Applications 14. Agriculture A plot...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 15CECh. 8.3 - Prob. 16CECh. 8.3 - Prob. 17CECh. 8.3 - Prob. 18CECh. 8.4 - What is the diameter of this circle?Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 2LCCh. 8.4 - Prob. 1AECh. 8.4 - Find the missing quantities for each circle. Use...Ch. 8.4 - Find the missing quantities for each circle. Use...Ch. 8.4 - Find the missing quantities for each circle. Use...Ch. 8.4 - Find the missing quantities for each circle. Use...Ch. 8.4 - Find the missing quantities for each circle. Use...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 1BECh. 8.4 - Find the circumference and area of each circle....Ch. 8.4 - Find the circumference and area of each circle....Ch. 8.4 - Find the circumference and area of each circle....Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 5BECh. 8.4 - Prob. 6BECh. 8.4 - Prob. 7BECh. 8.4 - Find the circumference and area of each circle....Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 9BECh. 8.4 - Prob. 10BECh. 8.4 - Prob. 1CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 2CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 3CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 4CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 5CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 6CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 7CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 8CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 9CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 10CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 11CECh. 8.4 - Prob. 12CECh. 8.4 - Find the length of stock needed to create each...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 14CECh. 8.4 - Find the length of stock needed to create each...Ch. 8.4 - Metalworking What length of 1-in. stock is needed...Ch. 8.4 - Landscaping (a) Calculate, to the nearest square...Ch. 8.4 - Machine Trades What diameter must a circular piece...Ch. 8.4 - Machine Trades In problem 3, how many square...Ch. 8.4 - Plumbing What is the cross-sectional area of a...Ch. 8.4 - Machine Trades In the piece of steel shown in the...Ch. 8.4 - Plumbing How much additional cross-sectional area...Ch. 8.4 - Machine Trades What diameter round stock is needed...Ch. 8.4 - Landscaping How many plants spaced every 6 in. are...Ch. 8.4 - Machine Trades What diameter circular stock is...Ch. 8.4 - Carpentry At 11.25 per foot for the curved portion...Ch. 8.4 - Sports and Leisure If the radius of the...Ch. 8.4 - Manufacturing What is the total length of belting...Ch. 8.4 - Electrical Trades An electrician bends a 12-in....Ch. 8.4 - Metalworking How many inches apart will eight...Ch. 8.4 - Landscaping How many square yards of concrete...Ch. 8.4 - Carpentry The circular saw shown in the figure has...Ch. 8.4 - Automotive Trades A hose must fit over a...Ch. 8.4 - Automotive Trades What length on the circumference...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 20DECh. 8.4 - Water/Wastewater Treatment To find the velocity of...Ch. 8.4 - Plumbing The pressure exerted by a column of water...Ch. 8.4 - Plumbing To construct a bracket for a drain pipe,...Ch. 8.4 - Culinary Arts A small pizza at Papas Pizza Place...Ch. 8.4 - D. Practical Applications Sports and Leisure Two...Ch. 8.4 - D. Practical Applications Forestry Forest service...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 27DECh. 8.4 - Prob. 28DECh. 8.4 - Prob. 29DECh. 8.4 - Sheet Metal Trades What is the area of the largest...Ch. 8 - Classify angles. (a) (a) DEF is _____ (b) (b) GHI...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3PCh. 8 - Identify polygons, including triangles, squares,...Ch. 8 - Use the Pythagorean theorem.Ch. 8 - Prob. 6PCh. 8 - Solve practical problems involving area and...Ch. 8 - Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - A. Solve the following problems involving angles....Ch. 8 - Prob. 1BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 2BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 3BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 4BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 5BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 6BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 7BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 8BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 9BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 10BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 11BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 12BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 13BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 14BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 15BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 16BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 17BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 18BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 19BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 20BPSCh. 8 - Prob. 21BPSCh. 8 - Find the missing dimensions of the following...Ch. 8 - Find the missing dimensions of the following...Ch. 8 - Find the missing dimensions of the following...Ch. 8 - Find the missing dimensions of the following...Ch. 8 - Find the missing dimensions of the following...Ch. 8 - Prob. 6CPSCh. 8 - Find the radius of a circle with a circumference...Ch. 8 - Find the diameter of a circle with a circumference...Ch. 8 - Prob. 9CPSCh. 8 - Construction What will it cost to pave a...Ch. 8 - Metalworking A steel brace is used to strengthen...Ch. 8 - D. Practical Applications Machine Trades Holes are...Ch. 8 - Masonry How many square feet of brick are needed...Ch. 8 - Electrical Trades A coil of wire has an average...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7DPSCh. 8 - Metalworking Find the length of straight stock...Ch. 8 - Machine Trades A hexagonal piece of steel 9 in. on...Ch. 8 - Construction How much guy wire is needed to anchor...Ch. 8 - Carpentry How many 4-ft by 8-ft sheets of exterior...Ch. 8 - Prob. 12DPSCh. 8 - Metalworking A triangular shape with a base of 6...Ch. 8 - Construction An air shaft is drilled from the...Ch. 8 - Machine Trades What diameter circular stock is...Ch. 8 - Life Skills A 17-ft roll of weather stripping...Ch. 8 - Prob. 18DPSCh. 8 - Manufacturing What length of belt is needed for...Ch. 8 - Electrical Trades Electrical conduit must conform...Ch. 8 - Construction At 11 per square foot, how much will...Ch. 8 - Prob. 22DPSCh. 8 - Welding The top to a container is made of steel...Ch. 8 - Prob. 24DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 25DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 26DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 27DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 28DPSCh. 8 - Agriculture The plot of farmland shown in the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 30DPSCh. 8 - Masonry The figure shows a rectangular swimming...Ch. 8 - Landscaping The figure shows a flower garden in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 33DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 34DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 35DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 36DPSCh. 8 - Prob. 37DPSCh. 8 - Construction A rectangular room measures 14 ft by...
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- Assume {u1, U2, u3} does not span R³. Select the best statement. A. {U1, U2, u3, u4} never spans R³. B. {U1, U2, u3, u4} spans R³ unless u4 is the zero vector. C. {U1, U2, U3, U4} may, but does not have to, span R³. D. {U1, U2, U3, U4} spans R³ unless u is a scalar multiple of another vector in the set. ○ E. {U1, U2, u3, u4} always spans R³. F. none of the abovearrow_forward3 and = 5 3 ---8--8--8 Let = 3 U2 = 1 Select all of the vectors that are in the span of {u₁, u2, u3}. (Check every statement that is correct.) 3 ☐ A. The vector 3 is in the span. -1 3 ☐ B. The vector -5 75°1 is in the span. ГОЛ ☐ C. The vector 0 is in the span. 3 -4 is in the span. OD. The vector 0 3 ☐ E. All vectors in R³ are in the span. 3 F. The vector 9 -4 5 3 is in the span. 0 ☐ G. We cannot tell which vectors are i the span.arrow_forwardTrolley of the overhead crane moves along the bridge rail. The trolley position is measured from the center of the bridge rail (x = 0) is given by x(t) = 0.5t^3-6t^2+19.5t-14 : 0 <= t <= 3 min. The trolley moves from point A to B in the forward direction, B to C in the reverse direction and C to D again in the forward direction. CONTROL PANEL END TRUCK- RUNWAY BEAM- BRIDGE RAIL HOIST -TROLLEY TROLLEY BUMPER TROLLEY DRIVE LPENDANT TRACK -TROLLEY CONDUCTOR TRACK WIRE ROPE -HOOK BLOCK -BRIDGE DRIVE -END TRUCK BUMPER -RUNWAY RAIL TROLLEY END STOP -CONDUCTOR BAR PENDANT FESTOONING TROLLEY FESTOONING PENDANT CABLE PENDANT x(t)=0.5t^3-6t^2+19.5t-14 v(t)=1.5t^2-12t+19.5 a(t)=(dv(t))/dt=3t-12 Fig. T2.2: The overhead crane Total masses of the trolley, hook block, and the load attached to the hook block are 110 kg, 20 kg, and 150 kg. Damping coefficient, D, is 40 kg/s. What is the total amount of energy required from the trolley motor to move the system [Hint: Use Newton's 2nd law to obtain the…arrow_forward
- CONTROL PANEL- BRIDGE RAIL HOIST -TROLLEY TROLLEY BUMPER -BRIDGE DRIVE END TRUCK- RUNWAY BEAM- END TRUCK BUMPER -RUNWAY RAIL TROLLEY DRIVE TROLLEY END STOP -CONDUCTOR BAR LPENDANT TRACK TROLLEY CONDUCTOR TRACK -WIRE ROPE PENDANT FESTOONING TROLLEY FESTOONING -PENDANT CABLE -HOOK BLOCK PENDANTarrow_forwardFind only the residues don't share the same pic as answer else I'll report Find the residue of F(z) = cot z coth z Don't use any Al tool show ur answer in pe n and paper then take z³ at z = 0.arrow_forward1. [10 points] Given y₁(x) = x²² is a solution to the differential equation x²y"+6xy'+6y=0 (x>0), find a second linearly independent solution using reduction of order.arrow_forward
- An Arts group holds a raffle. Each raffle ticket costs $2 and the raffle consists of 2500 tickets. The prize is a vacation worth $3,000. a. Determine your expected value if you buy one ticket. b. Determine your expected value if you buy five tickets. How much will the Arts group gain or lose if they sell all the tickets?arrow_forwardPlease show as much work as possible to clearly show the steps you used to find each solution. If you plan to use a calculator, please be sure to clearly indicate your strategy. Consider the following game. It costs $3 each time you roll a six-sided number cube. If you roll a 6 you win $15. If you roll any other number, you receive nothing. a) Find the expected value of the game. b) If you play this game many times, will you expect to gain or lose money?arrow_forward(20 p) 1. Find a particular solution satisfying the given initial conditions for the third-order homogeneous linear equation given below. (See Section 5.2 in your textbook if you need a review of the subject.) y(3)+2y"-y-2y = 0; y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 2, y"(0) = 0; y₁ = e*, y2 = e¯x, y3 = e−2x (20 p) 2. Find a particular solution satisfying the given initial conditions for the second-order nonhomogeneous linear equation given below. (See Section 5.2 in your textbook if you need a review of the subject.) y"-2y-3y = 6; y(0) = 3, y'(0) = 11 yc = c₁ex + c2e³x; yp = −2 (60 p) 3. Find the general, and if possible, particular solutions of the linear systems of differential equations given below using the eigenvalue-eigenvector method. (See Section 7.3 in your textbook if you need a review of the subject.) = a) x 4x1 + x2, x2 = 6x1-x2 b) x=6x17x2, x2 = x1-2x2 c) x = 9x1+5x2, x2 = −6x1-2x2; x1(0) = 1, x2(0)=0arrow_forward
- chool Which of the following functions describes the graph of g(x)--2√9-x²+37 9 8 7 6 4 2 -10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 1 -1 -2 -4 -6 10 9 8 B 5 4 3 3 6 -10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 2 3 4 6 1 -2 4 -5 -6 -8 -9 -10 10 -10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 9 8 Lessons Assessments 6 5 4 + 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 -1 2 4 -5 -B 8 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 B 9 10 -1 -2 -3 -5arrow_forwardIn the graph below triangle I'J'K' is the image of triangle UK after a dilation. 104Y 9 CO 8 7 6 5 I 4 3 2 J -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 K -3 -4 K' 5 -6 What is the center of dilation? (0.0) (-5. 2) (-8. 11 (9.-3) 6- 10arrow_forwardSelect all that apply. 104 8 6 4 2 U U' -10 -8 -6 4 -2 2 4 6 10 -2 V' W' -4 -6 -8 -10 W V Select 2 correct answerts! The side lengths are equal in measure. The scale factor is 1/5. The figure has been enlarged in size. The center of dilation is (0.0) 8 10 Xarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
Algebra: Structure And Method, Book 1AlgebraISBN:9780395977224Author:Richard G. Brown, Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, William L. ColePublisher:McDougal Littell
Elementary Geometry For College Students, 7eGeometryISBN:9781337614085Author:Alexander, Daniel C.; Koeberlein, Geralyn M.Publisher:Cengage,
Mathematics For Machine TechnologyAdvanced MathISBN:9781337798310Author:Peterson, John.Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
Algebra: Structure And Method, Book 1
Algebra
ISBN:9780395977224
Author:Richard G. Brown, Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, William L. Cole
Publisher:McDougal Littell
Elementary Geometry For College Students, 7e
Geometry
ISBN:9781337614085
Author:Alexander, Daniel C.; Koeberlein, Geralyn M.
Publisher:Cengage,
Mathematics For Machine Technology
Advanced Math
ISBN:9781337798310
Author:Peterson, John.
Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL