(a)
Interpretation:
The highest vapor pressure for 1.0 molar of glucose or 1.0 molar sodium chloride has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Colligative properties: Properties of solutions which having influence on the concentration of the solute in it. Colligative properties are given below:
- Decrease in the vapor pressure
- Increase in the boiling point
- Decline in the freezing point
- Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure of a liquid: Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by vapors of liquids when the equilibrium is established between liquid and its vapor.
(b)
Interpretation:
The highest boiling point for 1.0 molar of glucose or 1.0 molar sodium chloride has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Boiling point is the temperature at which liquid turns into a gas. Example: boiling point of water is
Where,
Boiling point elevation
Where,
M is the molality of the solution
i is Van’t Hoff factor
Note:
The boiling point of one kilogram of water will be increase by
(c)
Interpretation:
The highest freezing point for 1.0 molar of glucose or 1.0 molar sodium chloride has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Freezing point is the temperature at which liquid turns into solid.
Freezing point depression
Where,
m- Molality of the solution
Note:
The freezing point of one kilogram of water will be lower by
(d)
Interpretation:
The highest osmolarity for 1.0 molar of glucose or 1.0 molar sodium chloride has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Osmotic pressure is the pressure that is needed to stop osmosis. Osmotic pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution.
In osmosis, the passage of solvent from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution occurs through a semipermeable membrane.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 8 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- Calculate the boiling and freezing points of water solutions that are 1.15M in the following solutes: a. KBr, a strong electrolyte b. ethylene glycol, a nonelectrolyte c. (NH4)2CO3, strong electrolyte d. Al2(SO4)3, a strong electrolytearrow_forwardCalculate the boiling and freezing points of water solutions that are 1.50M in the following solutes: a. KCl, a strong electrolyte b. glycerol, a nonelectrolyte c. (NH4)2SO4, strong electrolyte d. Al(NO3)3, a strong electrolytearrow_forwardThe following diagrams show varying amounts of the same solute (the red spheres) in varying amounts of solution. a. In which of the diagrams is the solution concentration the largest? b. In which two of the diagrams are the solution concentrations the same?arrow_forward
- In your own words, explain (a) why seawater has a lower freezing point than fresh water. (b) why one often obtains a grainy product when making fudge (a supersaturated sugar solution). (c) why the concentrations of solutions used for intravenous feeding must be controlled carefully. (d) why fish in a lake (and fishermen) seek deep, shaded places during summer afternoons. (e) why champagne fizzes in a glass.arrow_forwardEqual numbers of moles of two soluble, substances, substance A and substance B, are placed into separate 1.0-L samples of water. a The water samples are cooled. Sample A freezes at 0.50C, and Sample B freezes at l.00C. Explain how the solutions can have different freezing points. b You pour 500 mL of the solution containing substance B into a different beaker. How would the freezing point of this 500-mL portion of solution B compare to the freezing point of the 1.0-L sample of solution A? c Calculate the molality of the solutions of A and B. Assume that i = 1 for substance A. d If you were to add an additional 1.0 kg of water to solution B, what would be the new freezing point of the solution? Try to write an answer to this question without using a mathematical formula. e What concentration (molality) of substances A and B would result in both solutions having a freezing point of 0.25C? f Compare the boiling points, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure of the original solutions of A and B. Dont perform the calculations; just state which is the greater in each ease.arrow_forwardThe specific gravity of a solution of KCl is greater than 1.00. The specific gravity of a solution of NH3 is less than 1.00. Is specific gravity a colligative property? Why, or why not?arrow_forward
- Water at 25 C has a density of 0.997 g/cm3. Calculate the molality and molarity of pure water at this temperature.arrow_forwardAn aqueous solution made up of 32.47 g of iron(III) chloride in 100.0 mL of solution has a density of 1.249 g/mL at 25C. Calculate its (a) molarity. (b) molality. (c) osmotic pressure at 25C (assume i=4). (d) freezing point.arrow_forwardConcentrated hydrochloric acid contains 1.00 mol HCl dissolved in 3.31 mol H2O. What is the mole fraction of HCl in concentrated hydrochloric acid? What is the molal concentration of HCl?arrow_forward
- Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub CoChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage Learning