Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168390
Author: Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark Blaser
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 33E
How are the following similar, and how do they differ?
(a)
(b)
(c) bonding orbitals and antibonding orbitals
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How are the following similar, and how do they differ?(a) σ molecular orbitals and π molecular orbitals(b) ψ for an atomic orbital and ψ for a molecular orbital(c) bonding orbitals and antibonding orbitals
The molecular orbitals depicted below are derived from 2p atomic orbitals in F₂⁺. (a) Give the orbital designations. (b) Which is occupied by at least one electron in F₂⁺? (c) Which is occupied by only one electron in F₂⁺?
(a) Write a single Lewis structure for SO3 , and determine the hybridization at the S atom. (b) Are there other equivalent Lewis structures for the molecule? (c) Would you expect SO3 to exhibit delocalized π bonding?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)
Ch. 8 - Explain how and bonds are similar and how they...Ch. 8 - Draw a curve that describes the energy of a system...Ch. 8 - Explain why bonds occur at specific average bond...Ch. 8 - Use valence bond theory to explain the bonding in...Ch. 8 - Use valence bond theory to explain the bonding in...Ch. 8 - How many and bonds are present in the molecule...Ch. 8 - A friend tells you N2 has three bonds due to...Ch. 8 - Draw the Lewis structures for CO2 and CO, and...Ch. 8 - Why is the concept of hybridization required in...Ch. 8 - Give the shape that describes each hybrid orbital...
Ch. 8 - Explain why a carbon atom cannot form five bonds...Ch. 8 - What is the hybridization of the central atom in...Ch. 8 - A molecule with the formula AB3 could have one of...Ch. 8 - Methionine, CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H, is an amino...Ch. 8 - Sulfuric acid is manufactured by a series of...Ch. 8 - Two important industrial chemicals, ethene, C2H4,...Ch. 8 - For many years after they were discovered, it was...Ch. 8 - Consider nitrous acid, HNO2 (HONO). (a) Write a...Ch. 8 - Strike-anywhere matches contain a layer of KClO3...Ch. 8 - Identify the hybridization of each carbon atom in...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures for NF3 and PP5. On the...Ch. 8 - In addition to NF3, two other fluoro derivatives...Ch. 8 - The bond energy of a C—C single bond averages 347...Ch. 8 - For the carbonate ion, CO32, draw all of the...Ch. 8 - A useful solvent that will dissolve salts as well...Ch. 8 - For the molecule allene, H2C=C=CH2, give the...Ch. 8 - Identify the hybridization of the central atom in...Ch. 8 - Describe the molecular geometry and hybridization...Ch. 8 - For each of the following molecules, indicate the...Ch. 8 - For each of the following structures, determine...Ch. 8 - Draw the orbital diagram for carbon in CO2 showing...Ch. 8 - Sketch the distribution of electron density in the...Ch. 8 - How are the following similar, and how do they...Ch. 8 - If molecular orbitals are created by combining...Ch. 8 - Can a molecule with an odd number of electrons...Ch. 8 - Can a molecule with an even number of electrons...Ch. 8 - Why are bonding molecular orbitals lower in energy...Ch. 8 - Calculate the bond order for an ion with this...Ch. 8 - Explain why an electron in the bonding molecular...Ch. 8 - Predict the valence electron molecular orbital...Ch. 8 - Determine the bond order of each member of the...Ch. 8 - For the first ionization energy for an N2...Ch. 8 - Compare the atomic and molecular orbital diagrams...Ch. 8 - Which of the period 2 homonuclear diatomic...Ch. 8 - A friend tells you that the 2s orbital for...Ch. 8 - True or false: Boron contains 2s22p1 valence...Ch. 8 - What charge would be needed on F2 to generate an...Ch. 8 - Predict whether the MO diagram S2 would show s-p...Ch. 8 - Explain why N22+ is diamagnetic, while O24+, which...Ch. 8 - Using the MO diagrams, predict the bond order for...
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- Why is the concept of hybridization required in valence bond theory?arrow_forwardDo lone pairs about a central atom affect the hybridization of the central atom? If so, how?arrow_forwardWhat hybrid orbitals would be expected for the central atom in each of the following molecules or ions?arrow_forward
- 7.57 What observation about molecules compels us to consider the hybridization of atomic orbitals?arrow_forwardWhich atomic orbitals overlap to form the bonds in ClF?arrow_forwardFormaldehyde (H.CO) molecules (H: 1s!, C: 1s 2s 2p and O: 1s 2s 2p+) (a) Use Orbital Hybridization theory to determine the molecular shape of H.CO. (b) What bonds are formed between the C and O atoms in formaldehyde molecules?arrow_forward
- (a) What is the difference between hybrid orbitals and molecular orbitals? (b) How many electrons can be placed into each MO of a molecule? (c) Can antibonding molecular orbitals have electrons in them?arrow_forwardAzo dyes are organic dyes that are used for many applications,such as the coloring of fabrics. Many azo dyes arederivatives of the organic substance azobenzene, C12H10N2.A closely related substance is hydrazobenzene, C12H12N2.The Lewis structures of these two substances are given (Recall the shorthand notation used for benzene.)(a) What is the hybridization at the N atom in each of thesubstances? (b) How many unhybridized atomic orbitalsare there on the N and the C atoms in each of the substances?(c) Predict the N—N—C angles in each of thesubstances. (d) Azobenzene is said to have greater delocalizationof its π electrons than hydrazobenzene. Discussthis statement in light of your answers to (a) and (b). (e) Allthe atoms of azobenzene lie in one plane, whereas thoseof hydrazobenzene do not. Is this observation consistentwith the statement in part (d)? (f) Azobenzene is an intensered-orange color, whereas hydrazobenzene is nearly colorless.Which molecule would be a better one to use in…arrow_forward(a) Draw Lewis structures for ethane (C2H6), ethylene(C2H4), and acetylene (C2H2). (b) What is the hybridizationof the carbon atoms in each molecule? (c) Predict whichmolecules, if any, are planar. (d) How many π and σ bondsare there in each molecule?arrow_forward
- In hydrogen isocyanide molecules (HCN), both carbon (C: 1s2 2s2 2p2 ) and nitrogen (N: 1s2 2s2 2p3 ) atoms undergo sp hybridization. (a) Use Orbital Hybridization theory to determine the molecular shape of HCN molecules. (b) Explain how the C atom binds to the N atom in HCN molecules.arrow_forward(a) If the valence atomic orbitals of an atom are sp hybridized,how many unhybridized p orbitals remain in thevalence shell? How many π bonds can the atom form?(b) Imagine that you could hold two atoms that are bondedtogether, twist them, and not change the bond length.Would it be easier to twist (rotate) around a single σ bondor around a double (σ plus π) bond, or would they be thesame?arrow_forwardEthyl acetate, C4H8O2, is a fragrant substance used both as asolvent and as an aroma enhancer. Its Lewis structure is (a) What is the hybridization at each of the carbon atomsof the molecule? (b) What is the total number of valenceelectrons in ethyl acetate? (c) How many of the valence electronsare used to make s bonds in the molecule? (d) Howmany valence electrons are used to make p bonds? (e) Howmany valence electrons remain in nonbonding pairs in themolecule?arrow_forward
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