Chapter 8, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given pairs which one is take place more rapid reaction have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophile is a chemical species that gives an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.

Charged nucleophile is stronger than neutral nucleophiles.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction:  It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved.  The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.  A general ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction mechanism is given as,

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction.  If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower.  Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower.  The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given pairs which one is take place more rapid reaction have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophile is a chemical species that gives an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.

Charged nucleophile is stronger than neutral nucleophiles.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction:  It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved.  The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.  A general ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction mechanism is given as,

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction.  If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower.  Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower.  The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given pairs which one is take place more rapid reaction have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleophile is a chemical species that gives an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.

Charged nucleophile is stronger than neutral nucleophiles.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction:  It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved.  The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.  A general ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction mechanism is given as,

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction.  If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower.  Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower.  The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.