The Heart of Mathematics: An Invitation to Effective Thinking

4th Edition

ISBN: 9781118156599

Author: Edward B. Burger, Michael Starbird

Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated

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Maximization

Have you ever seen a bridge in the shape of a parabola? Where is its maximum on the bridge? The maximum of that bridge is the highest point on that bridge. The process of finding the maximum of the bridge here is called the maximization.

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Textbook Question

Chapter 7.5, Problem 30MS

Cobweb plots (ExH). Here we visualize the simplified version of the Verhuist equation as we’ve seen in Mindscapes 24 and 25. That is, we consider the equation $y = c x ( 1 − x ) ,$ in which c is a given constant value. The graph of this equation is a “sad-face” parabola that crosses the x-axis at $x = 0$ and $x = 1.$ The peak of the parabola always occurs at $x = 0.5.$ For example, let’s consider the equation $y = 4 x ( 1 − x )$ (so here, the constant c is equal to 4). If we start with $x = 0.2 ,$ then we can use a calculator to find that $y = 0.64.$ If we now repeat, then we plug in 0.64 for x and find that now $y = 0.9216.$ If we repeat yet again, we plug 0.9216 in for x in the formula and find that the new $y = 0.2890....$

We can visualize this repeated process on the graph of our sad parabola by first drawing in the diagonal line, $y = x ,$ that goes right between the axes at an angle of $45 ∘ .$ We now start at $x = 0.2$ on the horizontal axis and trace a path by going straight up until we reach the graph (this height yields our first y value, $y = 0.64 ) .$ From there we trace a path horizontally (left or right, in this case right) until we hit the diagonal line. Now we repeat the process again: We go up or down (in this case up) until we hit the parabola and that gives us the next y value, $y = 0.9216.$ We then repeat again and again. We will generate a path with right-angle turns that go from the parabola to the diagonal line again and again. The first few steps are illustrated and we also include the process with two different starting values $( x = 0.3$ and also $x = 0.4 ) .$

Chapter 7.5, Problem 30MS, Cobweb plots (ExH). Here we visualize the simplified version of the Verhuist equation as weve seen

Notice how different the paths look! The Heart of Mathematics Web site contains a program that allows you to see this repeated process for any starting value of x.

These paths are called cobweb plots. The cobweb plot records the results of a repeatedly applied transformation-namely, taking a value for x, applying the formula to find y, then taking that result as the next x and again applying the formula to find the next y, and so on.

Now consider the graph of $y = 2.7 x ( 1 − x )$ given here. Start on the horizontal axis at 0.5 and carefully draw five iterations of the cobweb plot using a straightedge. Does the cobweb plot form a spiral? You can check your graph using the program on the Heart of Mathematics Web site. (Hint: To help make the drawing accurate, you should compute the y value when x equals 0.5 and then take that value and plug it back into the formula for x, repeat, etc.).

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Chapter 7.5, Problem 29MS

Chapter 7.5, Problem 31MS

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A factorization A = PDP 1 is not unique. For A= 7 2 -4 1 1 1 5 0 2 1 one factorization is P = D= and P-1 30 = Use this information with D₁ = to find a matrix P₁ such that - -1 -2 0 3 1 - - 1 05 A-P,D,P P1 (Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

Matrix A is factored in the form PDP 1. Use the Diagonalization Theorem to find the eigenvalues of A and a basis for each eigenspace. 30 -1 - 1 0 -1 400 0 0 1 A= 3 4 3 0 1 3 040 3 1 3 0 0 4 1 0 0 003 -1 0 -1 Select the correct choice below and fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice. (Use a comma to separate vectors as needed.) A basis for the corresponding eigenspace is { A. There is one distinct eigenvalue, λ = B. In ascending order, the two distinct eigenvalues are λ₁ ... = and 2 = Bases for the corresponding eigenspaces are { and ( ), respectively. C. In ascending order, the three distinct eigenvalues are λ₁ = = 12/2 = and 3 = Bases for the corresponding eigenspaces are {}, }, and { respectively.

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Chapter 7 Solutions

The Heart of Mathematics: An Invitation to Effective Thinking

Ch. 7.1 - The incredible shrinking duck. On the Quacked...Ch. 7.1 - Multiplicity (S). In the Sierpinski Triangle,...Ch. 7.1 - Different sizes. In the fern, find three reduced...Ch. 7.1 - Blooming broccoli. In the bunch of broccoli, find...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 5MS Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 6MS Ch. 7.1 - Maybe moon. What features of the fractal forgeries...Ch. 7.1 - Exposing forgeries. What features of the fractal...Ch. 7.1 - Natures way. Find some examples of self-similarity...Ch. 7.1 - Do it yourself (H). Draw a figure that contains...

Ch. 7.1 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 12MS Ch. 7.2 - A search for self. What does self-similarity mean?Ch. 7.2 - Desperately seeking similarity. Which of these...Ch. 7.2 - Too many triangles? At stage 0, the Sierpinski...Ch. 7.2 - Counting Koch. Look at the early stages of the...Ch. 7.2 - Argyle art. Take four line segments and place them...Ch. 7.2 - Natures way. Find several examples of objects in...Ch. 7.2 - Whos the fairest? Can you position three mirrors...Ch. 7.2 - Billiards and mirrors. On an idealized, square...Ch. 7.2 - MTV. Youve become a rock star and consequently...Ch. 7.2 - Photo op. Suppose you arrange two mirrors facing...Ch. 7.2 - How many mes? Arrange mirrors and camera as in...Ch. 7.2 - Quacker, Quacker, Quacker. Suppose you had the job...Ch. 7.2 - Sierpinski hexed (S). Take an equilateral triangle...Ch. 7.2 - The Kinks (ExH). Kochs kinky curve is created by...Ch. 7.2 - Four times (H). Draw a picture on a square piece...Ch. 7.2 - Burger heaven (S). Sketch a picture of a...Ch. 7.2 - Ice cream cones. Draw a picture of an ice cream...Ch. 7.2 - Sierpinski boundary. Take the boundary of a...Ch. 7.2 - Catching Zs (H). Take a Z. Put in nine smaller Zs,...Ch. 7.2 - Replacement pinwheel. Take a 1,2,2 right triangle....Ch. 7.2 - Koch Stool (ExH). Start with a line segment, mark...Ch. 7.2 - Koch collage stool. Given the Koch Stool described...Ch. 7.2 - Sierpinski shooting. Suppose that you were playing...Ch. 7.2 - Sierpinski target practice (H). What sequence of...Ch. 7.2 - Cantor Set. Start with the interval [0, 1]. Build...Ch. 7.2 - Cantor luck (H). Start with the point 0. Flip a...Ch. 7.2 - Cantor Square (S). Take a square. Make four...Ch. 7.2 - Cantor Square shrunk. Take the Cantor Square....Ch. 7.2 - Cantor Squared. Draw the four corners of a square,...Ch. 7.2 - Hexed again. Suppose you start with the three...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 31MS Ch. 7.2 - Antoines necklace. Antoines necklace is a delicate...Ch. 7.2 - Menger jacks. For the game of jacks, lets imagine...Ch. 7.2 - A tighter weave. Look back at the Tight Weave...Ch. 7.2 - A looser weave. Lets modify the carpet-designing...Ch. 7.2 - From where? Look at this fractal. What collage...Ch. 7.2 - Treed. Describe collage-making instructions that...Ch. 7.2 - Flaky (H). Describe collage making instructions...Ch. 7.2 - How big a hole? In the Tighter weave (34) and...Ch. 7.2 - 4D fractal. Describe a fractal in 4-dimensional...Ch. 7.2 - Personal perspectives. Write a short essay...Ch. 7.2 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 7.2 - Graphing Koch. Plot the following points in the...Ch. 7.2 - Koch adds life. Look at the points given in the...Ch. 7.2 - White out. Each stage of the Sierpinski triangle...Ch. 7.2 - Measuring the length of your Koch. The Koch stool...Ch. 7.2 - Counting Koch segments (H). Suppose you start with...Ch. 7.3 - Parallel grams. At right we see a parallelogram....Ch. 7.3 - Moving on up. Heres a triangle along with some...Ch. 7.3 - Bigger rug. Heres a picture of the Sierpinski...Ch. 7.3 - Dimension connection. What equation relates the...Ch. 7.3 - Divining dimension. If a fractal object requires...Ch. 7.3 - Stay inbounds. Give two consecutive integers that...Ch. 7.3 - Regular things (H). Find the fractal dimension of...Ch. 7.3 - More regular things. Find the fractal dimension of...Ch. 7.3 - Any right triangle. Take any right triangle. It...Ch. 7.3 - Sierpinski carpet (S). Compute the fractal...Ch. 7.3 - Koch Stool. Compute the fractal dimension of the...Ch. 7.3 - Cantor Set (H). The Cantor Set was constructed by...Ch. 7.3 - Cantor reduced. Suppose you take a unit interval,...Ch. 7.3 - Long Koch (ExH). The first stage in the...Ch. 7.3 - Pius (H). This fractal plus sign is self-similar...Ch. 7.3 - Tiniler triangles (S). Suppose you make something...Ch. 7.3 - Menger Sponge (ExH). Compute the fractal dimension...Ch. 7.3 - Thinning. Take a square. Make two copies, each...Ch. 7.3 - Not much. What is the fractal dimension of the...Ch. 7.3 - Koched (H). Create a Koch-like curve with fractal...Ch. 7.3 - Find a fractal. Describe a fractal having...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 22MS Ch. 7.3 - Personal perspectives. Write a short essay...Ch. 7.3 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 25MS Ch. 7.3 - Power beyond the mathematics. Provide several...Ch. 7.3 - Varying dimensions. Using any method, including...Ch. 7.3 - Dimensional thinking. The text defines the...Ch. 7.3 - Power play (H). Using any method, including...Ch. 7.3 - Marching madness. The marching band wants to...Ch. 7.3 - More marching madness. For the second drill in the...Ch. 7.4 - Not Raul. Who was Gaston Julia?Ch. 7.4 - Use your imagination. What does the number i...Ch. 7.4 - Complex plots. The complex number 3+2i is plotted...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 4MS Ch. 7.4 - Outie or innie? If you use the point a+bi to build...Ch. 7.4 - Arithmetic. Compute the following sums and...Ch. 7.4 - More arithmetic (ExH). Compute the following sums...Ch. 7.4 - Quick draw. Two complex numbers are marked and...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate I (12:S). Feeling queasy? Then compute...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate I (12:S). Feeling queasy? Then compute...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate I (12:S). Feeling queasy? Then compute...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate I (12:S). Feeling queasy? Then compute...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate II (18:S). Compute the first three...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate II (18:S). Compute the first three...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate II (18:S). Compute the first three...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate II (18:S). Compute the first three...Ch. 7.4 - 1III iterate III. Compute the first three iterates...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate III. Compute the first three iterates...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate III. Compute the first three iterates...Ch. 7.4 - III iterate III. Compute the first three iterates...Ch. 7.4 - Orange Julias. Pictured here are some Julia Sets...Ch. 7.4 - Julia Webbed. Visit the Heart of Mathematics Web...Ch. 7.4 - Great escape? For each of the complex...Ch. 7.4 - Great escape? For each of the complex numbers...Ch. 7.4 - Great escape? For each of the complex numbers...Ch. 7.4 - Mandelbrot or not? (H). The images on the...Ch. 7.4 - Mandelbrot or not? (H). The images on the...Ch. 7.4 - Zero in (S). For each picture of the Julia Sets in...Ch. 7.4 - Zero in (S). For each picture of the Julia Sets in...Ch. 7.4 - Zero in (S). For each picture of the Julia Sets in...Ch. 7.4 - Zero in (S). For each picture of the Julia Sets in...Ch. 7.4 - Mandelbrot origins. Using your insights from...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 36MS Ch. 7.4 - Bounded Julia (ExH). Why is no Julia Set...Ch. 7.4 - Prisoner. Find a complex number a+bi that is fixed...Ch. 7.4 - Mandelbrot connections. Can every two points on...Ch. 7.4 - Personal perspectives. Write a short essay...Ch. 7.4 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 7.4 - Power beyond the mathematics. Provide several...Ch. 7.4 - Quadratic complexity (H). The quadratic formula...Ch. 7.4 - Special products. Compute the following products...Ch. 7.4 - Somethings fishy. The treasurer of the Marine...Ch. 7.4 - On the line. In the xy-plane, sketch the graph of...Ch. 7.4 - A line with a complex. Plot the points in the...Ch. 7.5 - Any interest? Suppose you put $1000 in a bank...Ch. 7.5 - Urban expansion. In the year 2004 the village of...Ch. 7.5 - Pre-sushi. Suppose a pond can sustain a maximum of...Ch. 7.5 - A booby trap. A small landmass off the Galapagos...Ch. 7.5 - Too many. The island of Birdburg has an area of...Ch. 7.5 - Call your shots. For each picture below, trace the...Ch. 7.5 - Getting cornered. Starting from the spot indicated...Ch. 7.5 - Double your money (H). Suppose you I deposit $1000...Ch. 7.5 - Too many(S). Earths surface is approximately...Ch. 7.5 - Rice bowl (H). One day long ago, the Emperor of...Ch. 7.5 - Natures way. Find some examples, other than those...Ch. 7.5 - The Game of Life (12:S). For each initial...Ch. 7.5 - The Game of Life (12:S). For each initial...Ch. 7.5 - The Game of Life (12:S). For each initial...Ch. 7.5 - The Game of Life (12:S). For each initial...Ch. 7.5 - Life cycles. For each initial population in the...Ch. 7.5 - Life cycles. For each initial population in the...Ch. 7.5 - Life cycles. For each initial population in the...Ch. 7.5 - Life cycles. For each initial population in the...Ch. 7.5 - Explosion. Devise a new initial population in the...Ch. 7.5 - Extinction. Construct a new initial population in...Ch. 7.5 - Periodic population (H). Construct a new initial...Ch. 7.5 - Programmed population. On a computer or...Ch. 7.5 - Programmed population: the next generation. Using...Ch. 7.5 - How many now? Suppose that a population is modeled...Ch. 7.5 - Fibonacci. Fibonacci numbers are constructed using...Ch. 7.5 - Fibonacci again. For each of the two columns you...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 29MS Ch. 7.5 - Cobweb plots (ExH). Here we visualize the...Ch. 7.5 - More spiders (S). Here is the graph of...Ch. 7.5 - Arachnids. Here is the graph of y=4x(1x). Start on...Ch. 7.5 - Making dough. Many delicious French desserts, such...Ch. 7.5 - Making dough. Many delicious French desserts, such...Ch. 7.5 - Making dough. Many delicious French desserts, such...Ch. 7.5 - More cobwebs (H). Consider the inverted V graph...Ch. 7.5 - Yet more cobwebs. Given the inverted V graph...Ch. 7.5 - Cantors cuts. Start with the unit interval [0, 1]....Ch. 7.5 - How much Â¡s gone? In the construction of the...Ch. 7.5 - How much remains? Consider numbers that are not in...Ch. 7.5 - Personal perspectives. Write a short essay...Ch. 7.5 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 43MS Ch. 7.5 - Power beyond the mathematics. Provide several...Ch. 7.5 - Life happens. A particular starting configuration...Ch. 7.5 - Perplexing population predictions. Verhulst model...Ch. 7.5 - More prediction peril. Consider the previous...Ch. 7.5 - Cobweb parabola. Mindscapes 3032 describe cobweb...Ch. 7.5 - Two sad and one happy parabolas. Building on your...Ch. 7.6 - Does this thing come with a warranty? If you use...Ch. 7.6 - Root repeater. Find a calculator with a square...Ch. 7.6 - Transforming experience. The equation y=4x(1x) is...Ch. 7.6 - Up and over. In this graph, we see a red diagonal...Ch. 7.6 - Over and up. Here is a simpler version of the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - The cobweb tent (ExH). Take a square in which the...Ch. 7.6 - Too high. Consider a tent function that got too...Ch. 7.6 - More gone. In the too high tent function in the...Ch. 7.6 - Too short. Consider a short tent function. Will...Ch. 7.6 - Where to? Using the transformation y=3.5x(1x),...Ch. 7.6 - Calculator slips. Using the logistic...Ch. 7.6 - Take stock. Pick a stock. Some Web sites will...Ch. 7.6 - Repulsive. If you take the number 1 and square it,...Ch. 7.6 - Attractive. Again consider the process of repeated...Ch. 7.6 - Sierpinski attractor. Remember how the Sierpinski...Ch. 7.6 - Two step. Consider the transformation that takes...Ch. 7.6 - Periodic attraction (S). Again consider the...Ch. 7.6 - Periodic attraction. Again consider the...Ch. 7.6 - Four-peat (H). Consider the equation y=3.5x(1x)....Ch. 7.6 - Nearly fourly. Consider the equation y=3.5x(1x)....Ch. 7.6 - Tent attraction? Consider the point 0.4, which is...Ch. 7.6 - Becoming periodic. The point 0.4 is of period 2 in...Ch. 7.6 - The Earth moved (ExH). Consider a transformation...Ch. 7.6 - Poles apart. Consider the same transformation as...Ch. 7.6 - Logistic cobwebs. Lets explore the relatively...Ch. 7.6 - Logistic cobwebs. Lets explore the relatively...Ch. 7.6 - Logistic cobwebs. Lets explore the relatively...Ch. 7.6 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 7.6 - Power beyond the mathematics. Provide several...Ch. 7.6 - V-quation. Look at the graph for Mindscape 4. The...Ch. 7.6 - Meeting up. Look at the graph for Mindscape 38....Ch. 7.6 - We meet again. Look at the graph for Mindscape 39....Ch. 7.6 - Calculating percentages (H). Return to Table 1 on...Ch. 7.6 - Calculating percentages II. Repeat Mindscape 48...

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